Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Based on George Orwells Animal Farm a utopian society can not be achieved. A perfect world is impossible to achieve because you will always get someone who takes charge and overrules the people. In the book the animals successfully rebel from the owner of the farm, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion as a whole the animals set up some rules and commandments. At this point the animals feel that they have created a utopia, or a perfect world. They feel they can work hard for a while and then be rewarded with retirement. Eventually there becomes a superior group of animals that convince the rest of the animals that they are of higher intelligence. With this in mind they then told them that the elite group, the pigs, deserved more of the delicacies such as milk and apples. The pigs declared that these foods increased their abilities to do the brain work. The pigs also take over the house and begin to adopt many of the evil habits of man. In reality the pigs forced the other animals in to doing all of the manual labor so that they could reap the benefits solely for themselves. This is the sole reason that a utopian society can not be achieved. The pigs, or higher forms of government can only hold the respect of the people for so long until they eventually go back to the old ways, and the utopia is demolished.

The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially. The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially.

How Influential Is Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate has a great influence over our lives. All our normal everyday actions are harmonizing to the clime we are populating in. However the clime has been altering from past few decennaries, which in bend is altering our life forms and therefore, has made this universe a more at a loss topographic point to populate in. In this essay the causes of clime alteration would be discussed, which are divided into two classs, either the clime is altering due to natural grounds or is forced to alter by the human activities. Naturally, the clime alteration is said to happen because of assorted grounds, chiefly because of volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the solar fluctuations, the Earth ‘s orbital alteration, and by many other natural grounds, which in bend produces assorted nursery gasses and in the terminal consequences into planetary heating. On the other manus, C emanation done by worlds is the greatest factor taking to planetary heating and so to climate alteration. Other activities like, chemicals used in agribusiness, deforestation and other utilizations of energy in families besides contribute in the nursery consequence. Literature Reappraisal: Definitions: Climate can be defined as the long term conditions conditions for a part, by and large determined by 30 or more old ages of records. On contrast conditions can be defined as the province of the ambiance at a peculiar topographic point and clip. Furthermore, the Green House consequence is of course in which certain atmospheric gases absorbs long wave radiation from the Earth ‘s surface which in the terminal consequences in heating the Earth ‘s surface and the ambiance. Hence planetary heating can be defined as the addition of Earth ‘s mean temperature which in so consequences into climate alteration. ( Glossary: National aeronautics and space administration ) . The Argument: There is no uncertainty about the fact that the Earth ‘s clime has become heater over the 20th century, nevertheless, there is still a difference about whether the temperature addition is due to natural grounds or because of human activities. Two groups of UK scientists have late investigated both types of consequence. Mike Lockwood and co-workers at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ) argue that the Sun ‘s magnetic field has doubled over the century, and that this natural force of solar system has affected the Earth ‘s clime ( NatureA 399:437 ) . On the other manus Simon Tett and co-workers from the UK ‘s Meteorological Office in Reading and RAL argue that while solar forcing may hold added to climate alteration, nevertheless, human activities have besides been responsible for the temperature alterations from many old ages ( NatureA 399:569 ) . It has been stated that the Earth ‘s mean planetary temperature has increased by 0.6 Kelvin in the past 100 old ages. Four chief procedures that can impact the Earth ‘s clime have been evaluated. Two of these are said to be little aerosol atoms from volcanic eruptions and alterations in solar brightness. The other two, sulfate aerosols and nursery gases such as C dioxide, are due to increasing industrialisation, in peculiar the combustion of woods and fossil fuels. Lockwood and co-workers found that the entire magnetic flux go forthing the Sun has risen by a factor of 1.4 since 1964. Their consequences could supply support for the theory that changes in the solar air current could lend toA clime alteration. The solar air current and the Sun ‘s magnetic field are really good linked with each other. Harmonizing to the theory charged atoms in the solar air current would debar high-energy cosmic beams that would otherwise hold ionized the Earth ‘s lower ambiance, taking to the formation of clouds. Since cloud screen determines the sum of solar radiation reflected by the Earth back into infinite, a more powerful solar air current implies less cloud screen which, in bend, suggests that the Earth would warm up. However, the paper by Tett and co-workers suggests that natural effects entirely can non account for the form of temperature alteration observed over the past 50 old ages. They used the HadCM2 computing machine theoretical account to foretell the Earth ‘s planetary temperature during five overlapping 50-year periods ( 1906-56, 1916-1966, ) , and so compared the consequences with observations. The plan theoretical accounts both the oceans and the ambiance, and besides allows for alterations in nursery emanations, surface reflective power ( i.e. coefficient of reflection ) , volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance. They ran the coders with a figure of different solar theoretical accounts, including one that matched the effects highlighted by Lockwood. The consequences were similar for all instances: it is non possible to separate between th e parts of human activity and natural fluctuations to planetary heating in the first half of the century, but after 1946 additions in the concentration of semisynthetic nursery gases and sulfate aerosols was the dominant consequence. ( Newss: Physics World, 1999 ) Climate Change – Human Activities the Cause, Mea Culpa! But Consider 1816, the Year Without Summer! The whole universe seems to be acquiring involved with the facts of Global heating and Climate alteration. Nobel awards were awarded to the UN ‘s IPCC ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) and Al Gore several old ages ago, followed by the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change Conference of 1997, and eventually President Obama led leaders of 192 states in understanding with its rules, assuring heavy fiscal compensations to 3rd universe states. Scientists have calculated that emanations of C dioxide by human activities sum to possibly 30 billion dozenss per twelvemonth because of assorted factors including fossil fuel combustion, cement production, gas flaring, industrial operations and take a breathing etc. They besides estimate that volcanic eruptions can on mean emit about one-forty-five to two-fifty-five million dozenss of C dioxide into the ambiance per twelvemonth. This seems to stipulate that human activities may let go of possibly 100 times the sum of C dioxide emitted by vents, therefore, this seems to be a realistic base for the cosmopolitan concern, which is that human activities have a great negative impact on the clime of Earth. However, it seems like that nature itself is seeking to do things worse as foremost acknowledging fad at Copenhagen by universe leaders and President Obama in support of Global Warming so along came the coldest winter in recent decennaries. Then eventually when Obama ‘s EPA poised to impose terrible pollutant limitations and rough fiscal punishments on American industry, a volcanic eruption in Iceland devastated the air-transport industry by shuting down about all flights over Europe for a hebdomad, which led to ruining major air hoses, with absent bail-outs by authoritiess. The major natural calamities: the recent eruption of Iceland ‘s Eyjafjallajokull vent along with many other including Krakatau, temblors, tsunamis, hurricanes, or cyclical changing of ambiance of ocean, should be adequate to warn decisio n-makers about clime alteration effects. After sing the incident of the Iceland vent eruption, other than man-kind activities in the mention to planetary heating and clime alteration seems warranted. The summer of 1816 is considered to be one of the coldest on record which is studied by many conditions scientists. The twelvemonth is known as the â€Å" Year without a summer † . It is besides known as the â€Å" Poverty Year † , due to widespread devastation of harvests. Severe clime oddness during the summer destroyed harvests in Northern Europe, Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, and mean planetary temperature lessening was sufficient plenty to do many agricultural failures around the universe. The most likely cause of the terrible clime alteration seems hence, to be the volcanic influences because greatly increased volcanic activity causes huge sums of ash and dust to be blown and trapped high in the ambiance, which in bend cause increased contemplation o f solar radiation ( alternatively of soaking up at the Earth ‘s surface ) , ensuing in globally reduced temperatures on Earth. Therefore human activities seem minor and undistinguished relation to the power of Nature. ( Kolom ) How do we cognize that atmospheric build-up of green house gases is due to human activities? Four lines of grounds prove once and for all that the recent buildup of C dioxide take topographic point mostly from human activities. The karyon of C atoms in C dioxide released by firing coal, oil, and natural gas ( fossil fuels ) vary in their features from the karyon of C atoms in C dioxide emitted under natural conditions. Tens of 1000000s of old ages ago, coal, oil, and natural gas were formed, and the part of their karyon, that was one time radioactive, has long ago changed to non- radioactive C. However the C dioxide released from natural beginnings on the Earth ‘s surface holds a mensurable radioactive part. As C dioxide has been emitted through fossil fuel burning, the radioactive fraction of C in the ambiance has decreased. Forty old ages ago scientists provided the first direct grounds that combustion of fossil fuels was doing a buildup of C dioxide and therefore cut downing radioactive C in the ambiance by mensurating the diminishing part of radioactive carbon-14 c aptured in tree rings, each twelvemonth between 1800 and 1950. Furthermore, scientists began doing accurate measurings of the entire sum of C dioxide in the ambiance in any states by late fiftiess. Their informations show convincingly that the degrees of C dioxide have increased each twelvemonth worldwide and these additions are reliable with other estimations of the rise of C dioxide emanations due to human activity over this period. In 1980, 3rd grounds was added that the ice buried below the surface of the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps contains bubbles of air trapped when the ice originally formed. These samples of fossil air have been retrieved by boring deep into the ice. Measurements from the youngest and most shallow sections of the ice nucleuss produced C dioxide consciousness to those that were measured straight in the ambiance at the clip the ice formed. But the older parts of the nucleuss show that C dioxide sums were approximately 25 % lower than today for the 10 thou sand old ages old to the oncoming of industrialisation. The concluding grounds comes from the geographic form of C dioxide measured in air. Observations show that there is somewhat more C dioxide in the Northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The difference arises because most of the human activities that produce C dioxide are in the North and it takes about a twelvemonth for northern hemispheric emanations to go around through the ambiance and make southern latitudes. ( Programme, 1997 ) Discussion: The argument on clime alteration is as what truly caused the clime to change with clip and which affected us adversely. Some say that clime is changed by natural factors like ocean currents or vents while others deny this fact and seek to turn out the point that human activities have forced the clime to alter. I support the 2nd sentiment, human activities so made the clime to alter and ensue into planetary heating. The concentration of Carbon dioxide in the ambiance has increased from 290ppm in 1880 to 352ppm in 1989 which can be concluded as the 20 % addition. This addition is about surely a consequence of human activities ( Ruddiman,2003 ) . There has been seen a sufficient addition in the emanation of Greenhouse gases due to human activities. For illustration methane has an estimated rate of emanation from human activity on the planet which is 375 million dozenss per twelvemonth. For C dioxide, there is besides an estimated rate of emanation from human activity which is 7100 million dozenss per twelvemonth. The anthropogenetic emanations of these two gases are easier to gauge, because we know about how much oil, coal, and natural gas worlds produce for ingestion around the universe each twelvemonth. We besides know about how much wood is burned and converted to agriculture each twelvemonth. Harmonizing to ‘The province of the environment ‘ published in 1991 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, human activities emit about 68 million tones of N oxides, 99 million dozenss of S oxides, 177 million dozenss of C monoxide, and 57 million tones of particulates ( dust ) . However, all these Numberss are really approximative. On the other manus, S oxides have been found to somewhat antagonize the nursery consequence caused by other gases. Still, sulfur oxides are really harmful to the environment and are best known for doing acerb rain. Carbon monoxide does n't lend to the nursery consequence, but has important effects on atmospheric chemical science. Dust is by and large thought to chill the atmosphere close to Earth ‘s surface, but this consequence depends on assorted factors, including the size and colour of the dust atoms. ( Davis, 2004 ) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific organic structure set up by the UN to look at clime alteration. It says that human activity is the chief cause of the alterations seen in clime. Recent studies from theA IPCC have concluded that most of the ascertained addition in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century isA really likelyA due to the ascertained addition inA anthropogenetic nursery gasA concentrations. â€Å" From new estimations of the combined anthropogenicA forcingA due to greenhouse gases, A aerosols, andA land surface alterations, it isA highly likelyA that human activities have exerted a significant net warming influence on clime since 1750. † ( Uk governement ‘s digital service: DirectGov ) The most of import factor for the clime alteration is the rushing up of nursery consequence by manmade activities, which is normally known as Global Warming. Basically, the Greenhouse consequence is of course caused by the emanations of gases like azotic oxide, carbon-dioxide, methane, ozone and H2O vapor.A However, anthropogenetic activities like firing the fossil fuels and deforestation makes the nursery consequence stronger. Which means more heat is trapped and the Earth ‘s clime begins to alter unnaturally. The fossil fuels ( coal, oil and natural gas ) are burned for assorted human activities chiefly used for transit, fabrication, warming, chilling, electricity coevals etc. this can be summed up after the industrial revolution, in eighteenth century, and more of the fossil fuels were being burned often. Therefore, manmade gases were being emitted into the ambiance, largely in the signifier of C dioxide emanations, from the combustion activity. These gases speed up the nursery consequence, coercing the clime to alter. Another factor forced the clime to alter and resulted into planetary heating is the act of deforestation. A Deforestation increases the sum of carbon-dioxide in the ambiance. Besides, due to the disappearing of trees, photosynthesis can non take topographic point which lowers the O degree in the ambiance. Deforestation is rampant today due to the addition in human civilisation. The degrees of deforestation have increased by approximately nine per centum in recent times. Furthermore, the combustion of wood besides causes it to disintegrate, hence let go ofing more carbon-dioxide into the ambiance, and carbon-dioxide being the chief perpetrator in planetary heating additions. Another semisynthetic cause of the addition in the Green house consequence due to the emanation of such gases is the usage of any electrical contraptions. Even the icebox in the house emits gases which contribute to the Greenhouse consequence. These gases are known as Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and are used in iceboxs, aerosol tins, and some bubbling agents in the packaging industry, fire extinguisher chemicals and cleaners used in the electronic industry. Some procedures of the cement fabrication industries besides act as a cause towards the Greenhouse effect.A Population growing besides is an indirect subscriber and one of the causes of the Greenhouse consequence. With the addition in population, the demands and wants of the people addition. Therefore, this increases the fabrication processes every bit good as the industry processes. This consequences in the addition of the release of industrial gases which catalyze the green house consequence. The addition in population besides consequences in the addition of agricultural procedures. Most semisynthetic machines, like the car besides contribute to the green house consequence. In one of the recent articles planetary heating has been linked with the recent natural catastrophes. As about 14 million people have been affected by the torrential rains in Pakistan, A doing it a more serious human-centered catastrophe than the South Asian tsunami and recent temblors in Kashmir and Haiti combined. The catastrophe was driven by a ‘supercharged jet watercourse ‘ that has besides caused inundations in China and a drawn-out heat moving ridge in Russia. Which comes after brassy inundations in France and Eastern Europe killed more than 30 people over the summer. Jean-Pascal new wave Ypersele, vice-president of the organic structure set up by the UN to supervise planetary heating, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , said the ‘dramatic ‘ conditions forms are consistent with alterations in the clime caused by world. â€Å" These are events which reproduce and intensify in a clime disturbed by nursery gas pollution, † he sa id, â€Å" Extreme events are one of the ways in which climatic alterations become dramatically seeable. † Professor Andrew Watson, a climatologist at the University of East Anglia, which was at the Centre of last twelvemonth ‘s ‘climate gate ‘ dirt, said the utmost events are â€Å" reasonably consistent with the IPCC studies and what 99 per cent of the scientists believe to be go oning † . â€Å" I ‘m quite sure that the increased frequence of these sorts of summers over the last few decennaries is linked to climate alteration, † he said. ( Gray ) However, writers such asA Lean and Rind ( 1996 ) A believe that, although natural factors may be the ground for most temperature addition before the Industrial Revolution, ‘ the most likely cause of clime alteration since about 1850†¦ is the turning concentration of nursery gases as the net atmospheric temperature addition, or ‘forcing ‘ is mostly due to human ( anthropogenetic ) activities.Interestingly, particulate emanations from vents produce a net lessening in planetary temperatures, due to the brooding belongingss ( reflective power ) of the sulphate aerosol atoms formed in the stratosphere. ( Bianchi, 2010 ) Decision: The Earth ‘s clime is dynamic and ever altering through a natural rhythm but the anthropogenetic activities make this rhythm speed up unnaturally that create jobs in the ambiance as either the Earth gets curiously warmer or the people have to confront natural catastrophes. However if adult male has created all these jobs, he should besides seek to do things better by happening practical solutions.

Boyz in D Hood

A Stereotypical Black Woman: Single Mother’s Roles in Boyz in D Hood The movie chronicles the story of a Black American boy named Tre and his friends in an all Black community. He and his friends grew up aspiring to become someone in the society. Both are raised by single parents: Tre by his father and Ricky by his mother. While Tre’s father is portrayed in a positive way, the mothers (both Tre’s and Ricky’s) were portrayed in the most traditional ways as pointed out by Professor Michele Wallace.Women are portrayed in their traditional roles which are very limiting especially in an era where women empowerment has already been advocated. These traditional roles include being a housewife, taking care of children, cooking, cleaning the house, serving food for guests. In other words, women are still constrained in their domestic roles. For instance, Ricky’s mother is seen only inside the house. She occasionally goes outside but only on the front door to remind her children before they leave for school.In particular, she is seen in the party cooking, taking care of guests, and serving food. She is restricted to this kind of role and nothing else. At the same time, Tre’s mother is also portrayed as a stereotypical woman. Although she is not portrayed in her domestic roles, she is portrayed as someone who is a subordinate to her husband, Tre’s father Furious. This is because she had to surrender his son to him when she felt that she is not capable of raising him the right way.When she wanted to bring Tre back and Furious refused, she succumbed to that. She has to accept that it is Furious, the husband, who has the last say when it comes to their son. This means that the only role that a woman is allowed in this film is her domestic role. In any case that she defy this role, then she will be alienated with all her happiness such as the presence and love of a son in case of Tre’s mother.

Morgans Raid in the Civil War

Morgans Raid in the Civil War Morgans Raid - Conflict Dates: Morgans Raid was conducted from June 11 to July 26, 1863 during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Ambrose Burnsideapprox. 40,000 men Confederates Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan2,462 men Morgans Raid - Background: In late spring 1863, with Union troops conducting the Siege of Vicksburg and General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia embarking on the Gettysburg Campaign, General Braxton Bragg sought to distract enemy forces in Tennessee and Kentucky. To accomplish this, he turned to Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, Morgan had proven himself a capable cavalry leader during the early part of the war and had led several effective raids into the Union rear. Assembling a select force of 2,462 men and a battery of light artillery, Morgan received orders from Bragg directing him to attack through Tennessee and Kentucky. Morgans Raid - Tennessee: Though he happily accepted these orders, Morgan harbored a desire to carry the war into the North by invading Indiana and Ohio. Aware of his subordinates aggressive nature, Bragg strictly forbade him to cross the Ohio River as he did not wish Morgans command to be lost. Assembling his men at Sparta, TN, Morgan rode out on June 11, 1863. Operating in Tennessee, his forces began moving towards Kentucky late in the month after Major General William Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland began its Tullahoma Campaign. Seeking to aid Bragg by disrupting Rosecrans supply lines, Morgan crossed the Cumberland River on June 23 and entered Kentucky on July 2. Morgans Raid - Kentucky: After camping between Campbellsville and Columbia on the night of July 3, Morgan planned to push north and cross the Green River at Tebbs Bend the next day. Moving out, he found that the bend was guarded five companies of the 25th Michigan Infantry which had constructed earthworks in the area. Attacking eight times through the day, Morgan was unable to overwhelm the Union defenders. Falling back, he shifted south before crossing the river at Johnson Ford. Riding north, the Confederates attacked and captured Lebanon, KY on July 5. Though Morgan captured around 400 prisoners in the fighting, he was crushed with his younger brother, Lieutenant Thomas Morgan, was killed. Advancing towards Louisville, Morgans raiders fought several skirmishes with Union troops and local militia. Reaching Springfield, Morgan dispatched a small force to the northeast in an attempt to confuse the Union leadership as to his intentions. This detachment was later captured at New Pekin, IN before it could rejoin the main column. With the enemy off balance, Morgan led his main body northwest through Bardstown and Garnettsville before reaching the Ohio River at Brandenburg. Entering the town, the Confederates captured two riverboats, John B. McCombs and Alice Dean. In direct violation of his orders from Bragg, Morgan began moving his command across the river on July 8. Morgans Raid - Indiana: Landing east of Mauckport, the raiders drove off a force of Indiana militia before burning Alice Dean and sending John B. McCombs downstream. As Morgan began moving north into the heart of Indiana, the states governor, Oliver P. Morton, frantically put a call out for volunteers to oppose the invaders. While militia units quickly formed, the commander of the Department of the Ohio, Major General Ambrose Burnside, moved to shift Union forces to cut off Morgans lines of retreat south. Advancing up the Maukport Road, Morgan overwhelmed a force of Indiana militia at the Battle of Corydon on July 9. Entering the town, Morgan paroled the militiamen before seizing supplies. Morgans Raid - Ohio: Turning east, the raiders passed through Vienna and Dupont before arriving at Salem. There they burned the railroad depot, rolling stock, as well as two railroad bridges. Looting the town, Morgans men took cash and supplies before departing. Pressing on, the column entered Ohio at Harrison on July 13. That same day Burnside declared martial in Cincinnati to the south. Despite recent celebrations in response to the Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Morgans raid caused widespread panic and fear across Indiana and Ohio. Passing through Springdale and Glendale, Morgan remained to the north of Cincinnati in an effort to avoid Burnsides men. Continuing east, Morgan dashed across southern Ohio with the goal of reaching West Virginia and turning south into Confederate territory. To accomplish this, he intended to re-cross the Ohio River using the fords at Buffington Island, WV. Assessing the situation, Burnside correctly guessed Morgans intentions and directed Union forces to Buffington Island. As Union gunboats moved into position, columns led by Brigadier Generals Edward Hobson and Henry Judah marched to intercept the raiders. In an effort to block the ford prior to their arrival, Burnside dispatched a local militia regiment to the island. Reaching Buffington Island late on July 18, Morgan elected not to attack this force. Morgans Raid - Defeat Capture: This pause proved disastrous as Union forces arrived during the night. With Lieutenant Commander LeRoy Fitchs gunboats blocking the river, Morgan soon found his command nearly surrounded on a plain near Portland, OH. In the resulting Battle of Buffington Island, Union troops captured around 750 of Morgans men, including his executive officer, Colonel Basil Duke, and inflicted losses of 152 killed and wounded. Morgan was able to escape with around half of his men by slipping through some nearby woods. Fleeing north, he hoped to cross the river at an undefended ford near Belleville, WV. Arriving, around 300 men successfully crossed before Union gunboats arrived on the scene. While Morgan elected to remain in Ohio, Colonel Adam Stovepipe Johnson led the rest to safety. Reduced to around 400 men, Morgan turned inland and sought to escape his pursuers. Resting at Nelsonville, the Confederates burned boats along a local canal before riding northeast. Passing through Zanesville, Morgan still sought to cross into West Virginia. Pressed by Brigadier General James Shackelfords Union cavalry, the raiders were attacked at Salinesville, OH on July 26. Badly routed, Morgan lost 364 of men in the fighting. Escaping with a small party, he was captured later that day by Major George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry. Though many of his enlisted men were taken to Camp Douglas near Chicago, Morgan and his officers were incarcerated at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, OH. Morgans Raid - Aftermath: Though the entirety of his command was lost as a result of the raid, Morgan captured and paroled around 6,000 Union soldiers prior to his capture. In addition, his men disrupted Union rail operations across Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio while also burning 34 bridges. Despite being captured, Morgan and Duke felt the raid was a success as it allowed Bragg to retreat safely while tying down thousands of Union troops which otherwise could have reinforced Rosecrans. On November 27, Morgan and six of his officers successfully escaped from the Ohio Penitentiary and returned south. Though Morgans return was lauded by the Southern press, he was not received with open arms by his superiors. Angry that he had violated his orders to remain south of the Ohio, Bragg never fully trusted him again. Placed in command of Confederate forces in eastern Tennessee and southwest Virginia, Morgan attempted to rebuild the raiding force that he had lost during the 1863 campaign. In the summer of 1864, he was accused of robbing a bank in Mt. Sterling, KY. While some his men were involved, there is no evidence to suggest that Morgan played a role. While working to clear his name, Morgan and his men encamped at Greeneville, TN. On the morning of September 4, Union troops attacked the town. Taken by surprise, Morgan was shot and killed while attempting to escape from the attackers. Selected Sources Ohio History: Morgans RaidMorgans Men Association Connor Prairie: Morgans Raid

Gallium Spoon Tricks

Gallium Spoon Tricks Gallium is a shiny metal with one property in particular that makes it perfect for science tricks. This element melts just above room temperature (around 30Â °C or 86Â °F), so you can melt it in the palm of your hand, between your fingers, or in a cup of hot water. A classic set-up for gallium tricks is to make or purchase a spoon made from pure gallium. The metal has about the same weight and appearance as stainless steel, plus once you melt the spoon, you can reshape the gallium to use it again and again. Gallium Spoon Materials You need either gallium and a spoon mold or else a gallium spoon. Its a bit more expensive, but if you get the mold, you can make a spoon over and over. Otherwise, youll need to mold the metal by hand to re-use it as a spoon. The Mind-Bending Gallium Spoon Trick This is a classic magician trick in which the trickster rests a gallium spoon on a finger or else rubs it between two fingers, appears to concentrate, and bends the spoon with the power of his mind. Youve got a couple of ways to pull off this trick: Rest the spoon on a finger that you warmed up right before the trick. Easy ways to warm your hand are to hold a cup of hot tea or coffee or simply put your hand under your armpit briefly.Rub a section of the spoon between two fingers. Friction generates heat, which will soften the spoon. The weight of the spoon will cause it to bend. The Disappearing Spoon Trick If you stir a warm or hot cup of liquid with a gallium spoon, the metal melts almost immediately. The spoon disappears into a cup of dark liquid or pools visibly at the bottom of a cup of clear liquid. It behaves much like mercury (a metal that is liquid at room temperature), but gallium is safe to handle. I dont recommend drinking the liquid, though. Gallium isnt particularly toxic, but its not edible.

History of Mathematics High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Mathematics High School - Essay Example The rods are placed in columns with the rightmost column representing the units, the next column representing the tens, then the nest representing the hundreds, and so on. Red rods represent the positive numbers while black rods represent the negative numbers. For example, the number 25 will have a representation using the rods where 5 will be placed in the rightmost column and 2 will be placed in the next column. An empty column represents zero (Chinese Rod Numerals (Counting Rods)). The rods were carried in a pouch and placed on a counting board which had compartments corresponding to the ones, tens, hundreds place and so on. Each compartment was split into two parts. The right part is for the heng (1 to 9) rods and the left part was for the tsangs (10 to 90) rods. Whole numbers are represented by combining these two types of rods. After the rods were placed in their rightful compartments, they were then manipulated by repositioning and reforming them as required by the arithmetic operation. The first evidence of the existence of zero is from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotomia some 5,000 years ago (Wallin). This was in the form of cuneiform symbol for numbers where a slanted double wedge between two cuneiform symbols indicates an absence of a number or zero. Over time it became a positional notation form in the Babylonian Empire.