Esperar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Esperar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples Esperar is a common Spanish verb that can mean to hope for, to wait, and to expect. You can figure out which meaning is intended by looking at the context, sentence structure, and whether esperar is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. This article explains some of the different uses of esperar in Spanish, as well as esperar conjugations in the present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. Four Ways of Using the Verb Esperar Esperar Que  Followed by a Verb The phrase esperar que is typically followed by a verb. If that verb is in the subjunctive mood, esperar can often be understood to mean hope, while if that verb is in the indicative mood, it usually can be understood to mean expect. The use of the indicative mood suggests some degree of certainty, while the subjunctive mood indicates desire. The use of the subjunctive following esperar que is far more common. Also, the following phrases are common:  ¡Espero que sà ­! (I hope so!) ¡Espero que no! (I hope not!) To Wait or To Wait For This is one of the most common meanings of esperar, as seen in the following examples: Por favor espera aquà ­ por un momento. (Please wait here for a moment.)Bajaron al andà ©n y esperaron el tren. (They stepped down to the platform and waited for the train.)Esperamos la llegada de la policà ­a federal. (We are waiting for the arrival of the federal police.) To Expect This is another common meaning that is determined by the context: El amor llega cuando uno menos lo espera. (Love comes when you least expect it.)Para el 2028 esperamos la llegada de unos 406 mil turistas. (For 2028 we are expecting the arrival of some 406,000 tourists. Note how in some contexts hope for could be a suitable translation.) The phrase estar esperando can be used in the same way as the English to be expecting when referring to pregnancy: Carme Chacà ³n confirma que el bebà © que est esperando es un nià ±o. (Carme Chacon confirms that the baby she is expecting is a boy.) Using Esperar  Like Gustar Esperar is sometimes used in a sentence with inverted word order, like gustar and some other verbs. A better translation in such cases is await: Al dà ³lar le esperan tiempos peores. (Worse times await the dollar.)Me espera una vida nueva en algà ºn lugar del mundo.  (A new life awaits me somewhere in the world.) ¿Quà © avances tecnolà ³gicos nos esperan en el futuro? (What technological advancements await in the future? Present Indicative Esperar is conjugated in the same way as other regular -ar verbs. Yo espero Yo espero el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperas Tà º esperas a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella espera Ella espera triunfar en la competencia. She hopes to succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperamos Nosotros esperamos verte pronto. We hope to see you soon. Vosotros esperis Vosotros esperis al bebà © para agosto. You expect the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperan Ellos esperan lluvia esta tarde. They expect rain this afternoon. Preterite Indicative The preterite tense is used to talk about events that happened in the past and have been completed. Yo esperà © Yo esperà © el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I waited for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperaste Tà º esperaste a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You waited for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperà ³ Ella esperà ³ triunfar en la competencia. She hoped to succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperamos Nosotros esperamos verte pronto. We hoped to see you soon. Vosotros esperasteis Vosotros esperasteis al bebà © para agosto. You expected the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaron Ellos esperaron lluvia esta tarde. They expected rain this afternoon. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about actions in the past that were ongoing or repeated, and it can be translated to English as was waiting or used to wait. Yo esperaba Yo esperaba el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I used to wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperabas Tà º esperabas a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You used to wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperaba Ella esperaba triunfar en la competencia. She was hopingto succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperbamos Nosotros esperbamos verte pronto. We were hopingto see you soon. Vosotros esperabais Vosotros esperabais al bebà © para agosto. You were expecting the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaban Ellos esperaban lluvia esta tarde. They were expecting rain this afternoon. Future Indicative Yo esperarà © Yo esperarà © el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I will wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperars Tà º esperars a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You will wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperar Ella esperar triunfar en la competencia. She will hopeto succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperaremos Nosotros esperaremos verte pronto. We will hopeto see you soon. Vosotros esperarà ©is Vosotros esperarà ©is al bebà © para agosto. You will expect the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperarn Ellos esperarn lluvia esta tarde. They will expect rain this afternoon. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is sometimes called the near future and is translated to English as going to verb. Yo voy a esperar Yo voya esperar el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I am going to wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º vasa esperar Tà º vasa esperar a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You aregoing to wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella va a esperar Ella vaa esperar triunfar en la competencia. She isgoing to hopeto succeed in the competition. Nosotros vamosa esperar Nosotros vamosa esperar verte pronto. We aregoing to hopeto see you soon. Vosotros vaisa esperar Vosotros vaisa esperaral bebà © para agosto. You aregoing to expect the baby for August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana esperar Ellos vana esperar lluvia esta tarde. They aregoing to expect rain this afternoon. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The verb form that ends in -ing in English is called the gerund or present participle in Spanish. It is often used to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. Present Progressive ofEsperar est esperando Ella est esperando triunfar en la competencia. She is expecting to succeed in the competition. Past Participle In Spanish, the past participle usually ends in -ado or -ido, and is used to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Present Perfect of Esperar ha esperado Ella ha esperado triunfar en la competencia. She has expected to succeed in the competition. Esperar Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities, and is usually translated to English as would verb. Yo esperarà ­a Yo esperarà ­a el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana si me despertara temprano. I would wait for the bus in the morning if I were to wake up early . Tà º esperarà ­as Tà º esperarà ­as a tu amigo en el aeropuerto si te viniera a visitar. You would wait for your friend at the airport if he came to visit you. Usted/à ©l/ella esperarà ­a Ella esperarà ­a triunfar en la competencia, pero no es optimista. She would hopeto succeed in the competition, but she is not optimistic. Nosotros esperarà ­amos Nosotros esperarà ­amos verte pronto, pero sabemos que es complicado. We would hopeto see you soon, but we know it is complicated. Vosotros esperarà ­ais Vosotros esperarà ­ais al bebà © para agosto si lo dijera el doctor. You would expect the baby in August if the doctor said so. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperarà ­an Ellos esperarà ­an lluvia esta tarde si el pronà ³stico lo indicara. They would expect rain this afternoon if the forecast were to indicate it. Esperar Present Subjunctive Que yo espere Mi madre sugiere que yo espere el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggests that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperes Marta pide que tà º esperes a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asks that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella espere El entrenador recomienda que ella espere triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommends that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros esperemos Erica desea que nosotros esperemos verte pronto. Erica wishes that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperà ©is El mà ©dico recomienda que vosotros esperà ©is al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommends that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperen El meteorà ³logo sugiere que ellos esperen lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggests that they expect rain this afternoon. Esperar Imperfect Subjunctive There are two different ways for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. The first option below is more common. Option 1 Que yo esperara Mi madre sugerà ­a que yo esperara el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggested that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperaras Marta pidià ³ que tà º esperaras a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asked that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella esperara El entrenador recomendaba que ella esperara triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommended that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros esperramos Erica deseaba que nosotros esperramos verte pronto. Erica wished that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperarais El mà ©dico recomendà ³ que vosotros esperarais al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommended that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaran El meteorà ³logo sugirià ³ que ellos esperaran lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggested that they expect rain this afternoon. Option 2 Que yo esperase Mi madre sugerà ­a que yo esperase el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggested that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperases Marta pidià ³ que tà º esperases a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asked that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella esperase El entrenador recomendaba que ella esperase triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommended that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros espersemos Erica deseaba que nosotros espersemos verte pronto. Erica wished that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperaseis El mà ©dico recomendà ³ que vosotros esperaseis al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommended that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperasen El meteorà ³logo sugirià ³ que ellos esperasen lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggested that they expect rain this afternoon. Esperar Imperative The imperative mood is used to give commands, and it has both positive and negative forms. Positive Commands Tà º espera  ¡Espera a tu amigo en el aeropuerto! Wait for your friend at the airport! Usted espere  ¡Espere triunfar en la competencia! Hope to succeed in the competition! Nosotros esperemos  ¡Esperemos verte pronto! Let's hope to see you soon! Vosotros esperad  ¡Esperad al bebà © para agosto! Expect the baby in August! Ustedes esperen  ¡Esperen lluvia esta tarde! Expect rain this afternoon! Negative Commands Tà º no esperes  ¡No esperes a tu amigo en el aeropuerto! Don't wait for your friend at the airport! Usted no espere  ¡No espere triunfar en la competencia! Don't hope to succeed in the competition! Nosotros no esperemos  ¡No esperemos verte pronto! Let's not hope to see you soon! Vosotros no esperà ©is  ¡No esperà ©is al bebà © para agosto! Don't expect the baby in August! Ustedes no esperen  ¡No esperen lluvia esta tarde! Don't expect rain this afternoon!

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding How to Measure Deadrise Deadrise is measured two ways, by a linear measurement like inches or centimeters and by expressing it as an angle. Let’s look at the angular measurement first. Looking at the cross section of a hull, draw a vertical line through the center of the vessel to the bottom of the keel. The top of this vertical line should be even with the chine, which is where the hull meets the topsides. Now draw a horizontal line which intersects both sides of the chine and the top of the vertical line you drew before. You should now have a 90-degree angle formed by the vertical and horizontal lines. Draw one more line from the point where your horizontal line meets the chine to the bottom of your vertical line at the bottom center of the keel. The triangle you formed is made up of three angles. Deadrise expressed as an angle is the measurement in degrees of the bottom of the triangle. To Calculate in Linear Terms   To calculate deadrise in linear terms you will use the same triangle as above but now you will be using a ratio to express the deadrise. Much like the roof of a building, deadrise in linear terms is written as inches per foot. First, determine the number of inches from the 90-degree angle of the triangle along the horizontal leg to the chine. Next, determine the measurement in feet from the bottom of the keel to the 90-degree angle of the triangle. Take the results and write then as inches/foot. A Measurement at a Single Point on a Vessel’s Hull Deadrise is only a measurement at a single point on a vessel’s hull. Construction plans will note the deadrise at regular intervals along the length of the hull. Since deadrise is a measurement based on the position of the chine it is possible to have complex expressions of deadrise because of multi-chine and planning hulls. If you are asked to measure deadrise you should be given a point to make your measurement. For example; deadrise at 20 feet from the bow, or deadrise at rear bulkhead. Alternate Spellings Dead Rise Common Misspellings Dead Rise The Transition From Chine to Keel One way to make a quick assessment of the purpose and ride quality of a vessel is to view the stern from the rear so you can see the transition from chine to keel. If its a sharp V shape below the water means the ride will be smooth but the ship may wallow back and forth ferries and riverboats have this design so they can operate in both directions without turning around.   If the deadrise is shallow or flat at the stern the vessel will not have much roll or wallow but it will slap into the surface with each wave. A V shape allows a smooth transition while a shallower deadrise causes a sudden impact with each wave. The flat design has less drag and therefore is found on cargo ships and other low drag vessels. Cushion effect can be a problem for some heavily loaded cargo ships in shallow waters like canals. A rolled, or soft, chine means the vessel is meant to lean and roll smoothly. This is true of most sail-powered vessels where there is a counterweight in a deep keel. Take a look at all kinds of common hull shapes to understand more about their uses. The definition of draft will also be useful when learning about naval architecture.

SWOT Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWOT Analysis - Assignment Example Locked into lower voltages due to interchangeable battery systems Opportunities: Can diversify into other product lines Can leverage position in Japanese and US markets to expand into various other markets across the world New technology manufacturing plants ensures low costs at manufacturing end thus allowing cost of end product to be low but without compromising on quality Can introduce higher voltages and consolidate position as innovator in the market Threats: Position in US market may be reversed due to dependence on currency exchange rates which may turn unfavourable Risks losing the opportunity to be proactive about higher voltages, by waiting for the rest of the players in the market Becomes reactive and may lose the current edge in the market if competitors come out with higher voltages first Imports from Far East may diversify into professional tools at a much lower cost for the same quality S&W - Minimising weaknesses and threats: The first step is to phase out the older technology at manufacturing plants and replace it with newer, more efficient technology. This will lead to reduction in costs - both manufacturing and labour. A solution to the high pricing issues will result from this move. The newer technology will be leaner, thus streamlining the company and making it quick to react to changes in he market. Innovation and diversification into other technologies will be required to maintain market leader status. Change in attitude towards distributors is needed to convince them that the company is not abusing its market leader position. S&W - Maximising strengths and opportunities: The multi national presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross... The multi national presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross promotion implies less spent on advertising. These savings can be sunk in R&D for innovation and developing new products. A step-by-step replacement of the old interchangeable battery systems is required so that Makatume is in a position to bring in newer higher voltages. A change in strategy is needed so as to avoid depending on the currency rate for a favourable market position. The company needs to be proactive and take a decision about higher voltage so as to avoid losing the edge they have in the market. Makatume must innovate and diversify into other products as soon as possible to avoid losing the share they have captured in the professional tools segment. An expansion in markets in other countries is also advisable to consolidate the market leader position. By introducing higher voltages, Makatume stands to become an innovative market leader. Assuming Makatume's point of view, having captured large shares in the Japanese and US markets, I would be proactive and launch the higher voltages. But I would do this in a phased manner so as not to lose the customers that Makatume already has. By doing so, Makatume would be perceived as an innovator which would add to the value of the brand.

Issues of Freedom and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues of Freedom and Power - Essay Example Economic freedom- Knights of labor Knights of labor, a major labor union during the 1860 hold a significant role in the evolution of economic rights in the United States. The formation of Knights of labor was the first efforts in the national labor organization because it was among the first labor unions to rally its members behind a goal. Nonetheless, the Knights of labor were a secret union characterized with less political pressure on its members. Uriah Stevens was the founder of the Knights of Labor, with many of his followers being Irish immigrant who were mainly Catholics. As a labor union, the Knights of labors enrolled members in various states to champion for improved rights of workers. Formed at a time when the United States repressed freedom of expression, the Knights of Labor worked in secrecy often recruiting its members using oaths and rituals. The main thrust of Knights of labor was to advocate for better economic reforms in their industries. At a time, when most of the immigrant received little pay and poor working conditions, the Knight of Labor became the ultimate vehicle to push for meaningful economic reforms. While the Knights of Labor avoided using industrial action, some of its members in states like Chicago were ready to strike. In 1886, about 80,000 people marched through Chicago supporting an eight-hour work shift. The long working hours were one of the main reasons that prompted the demonstration by members of Knight of Labor. This ignited confrontations between the Knights of Labor and the police who wanted to maintain law and order. In a social perspective, the Knight of Labor represented a growing awareness of rights among the workers. For instance, the call for an eight-hour work shift displayed a growing interest in social welfare among the workers.ii Most important, the meeting and demonstration among the workers guild indicated that rising level of social empowerment among the workers. Largely, the Knight of Labor has achieved many social gains because of its transformation from a secret labor to expressing its interest in various cities. Knight of Labor also championed for an end to child labor, a phenomenon that had characterized the American Labor environment. The political manifestation of 1960 would be incomplete without mention Knight of labor. Within the Knight Labor, there were some groups with interest to take control of the union. After leading a series of strikes, the government sentenced Albert Parson to death. This event made Lucy Parson seek ways of saving men that the government had convicted for deaths during strike. After visiting Europe in 1888, Lucy returned back American expressing new optimism in labor movements as she addressed workers and pressurized the state to create more projects in order to employ people. Political freedom (Progressivism- muckrakers and reform) The political freedom in the United States is a product of struggles that defined and helped create meaningful political reforms. With growing interest for political reforms, a group of Journalist joined hands to highlight on the wrongs of government through the literary works, which they published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening post McClure’

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Based on George Orwells Animal Farm a utopian society can not be achieved. A perfect world is impossible to achieve because you will always get someone who takes charge and overrules the people. In the book the animals successfully rebel from the owner of the farm, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion as a whole the animals set up some rules and commandments. At this point the animals feel that they have created a utopia, or a perfect world. They feel they can work hard for a while and then be rewarded with retirement. Eventually there becomes a superior group of animals that convince the rest of the animals that they are of higher intelligence. With this in mind they then told them that the elite group, the pigs, deserved more of the delicacies such as milk and apples. The pigs declared that these foods increased their abilities to do the brain work. The pigs also take over the house and begin to adopt many of the evil habits of man. In reality the pigs forced the other animals in to doing all of the manual labor so that they could reap the benefits solely for themselves. This is the sole reason that a utopian society can not be achieved. The pigs, or higher forms of government can only hold the respect of the people for so long until they eventually go back to the old ways, and the utopia is demolished.

The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially. The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially.

How Influential Is Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate has a great influence over our lives. All our normal everyday actions are harmonizing to the clime we are populating in. However the clime has been altering from past few decennaries, which in bend is altering our life forms and therefore, has made this universe a more at a loss topographic point to populate in. In this essay the causes of clime alteration would be discussed, which are divided into two classs, either the clime is altering due to natural grounds or is forced to alter by the human activities. Naturally, the clime alteration is said to happen because of assorted grounds, chiefly because of volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the solar fluctuations, the Earth ‘s orbital alteration, and by many other natural grounds, which in bend produces assorted nursery gasses and in the terminal consequences into planetary heating. On the other manus, C emanation done by worlds is the greatest factor taking to planetary heating and so to climate alteration. Other activities like, chemicals used in agribusiness, deforestation and other utilizations of energy in families besides contribute in the nursery consequence. Literature Reappraisal: Definitions: Climate can be defined as the long term conditions conditions for a part, by and large determined by 30 or more old ages of records. On contrast conditions can be defined as the province of the ambiance at a peculiar topographic point and clip. Furthermore, the Green House consequence is of course in which certain atmospheric gases absorbs long wave radiation from the Earth ‘s surface which in the terminal consequences in heating the Earth ‘s surface and the ambiance. Hence planetary heating can be defined as the addition of Earth ‘s mean temperature which in so consequences into climate alteration. ( Glossary: National aeronautics and space administration ) . The Argument: There is no uncertainty about the fact that the Earth ‘s clime has become heater over the 20th century, nevertheless, there is still a difference about whether the temperature addition is due to natural grounds or because of human activities. Two groups of UK scientists have late investigated both types of consequence. Mike Lockwood and co-workers at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ) argue that the Sun ‘s magnetic field has doubled over the century, and that this natural force of solar system has affected the Earth ‘s clime ( NatureA 399:437 ) . On the other manus Simon Tett and co-workers from the UK ‘s Meteorological Office in Reading and RAL argue that while solar forcing may hold added to climate alteration, nevertheless, human activities have besides been responsible for the temperature alterations from many old ages ( NatureA 399:569 ) . It has been stated that the Earth ‘s mean planetary temperature has increased by 0.6 Kelvin in the past 100 old ages. Four chief procedures that can impact the Earth ‘s clime have been evaluated. Two of these are said to be little aerosol atoms from volcanic eruptions and alterations in solar brightness. The other two, sulfate aerosols and nursery gases such as C dioxide, are due to increasing industrialisation, in peculiar the combustion of woods and fossil fuels. Lockwood and co-workers found that the entire magnetic flux go forthing the Sun has risen by a factor of 1.4 since 1964. Their consequences could supply support for the theory that changes in the solar air current could lend toA clime alteration. The solar air current and the Sun ‘s magnetic field are really good linked with each other. Harmonizing to the theory charged atoms in the solar air current would debar high-energy cosmic beams that would otherwise hold ionized the Earth ‘s lower ambiance, taking to the formation of clouds. Since cloud screen determines the sum of solar radiation reflected by the Earth back into infinite, a more powerful solar air current implies less cloud screen which, in bend, suggests that the Earth would warm up. However, the paper by Tett and co-workers suggests that natural effects entirely can non account for the form of temperature alteration observed over the past 50 old ages. They used the HadCM2 computing machine theoretical account to foretell the Earth ‘s planetary temperature during five overlapping 50-year periods ( 1906-56, 1916-1966, ) , and so compared the consequences with observations. The plan theoretical accounts both the oceans and the ambiance, and besides allows for alterations in nursery emanations, surface reflective power ( i.e. coefficient of reflection ) , volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance. They ran the coders with a figure of different solar theoretical accounts, including one that matched the effects highlighted by Lockwood. The consequences were similar for all instances: it is non possible to separate between th e parts of human activity and natural fluctuations to planetary heating in the first half of the century, but after 1946 additions in the concentration of semisynthetic nursery gases and sulfate aerosols was the dominant consequence. ( Newss: Physics World, 1999 ) Climate Change – Human Activities the Cause, Mea Culpa! But Consider 1816, the Year Without Summer! The whole universe seems to be acquiring involved with the facts of Global heating and Climate alteration. Nobel awards were awarded to the UN ‘s IPCC ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) and Al Gore several old ages ago, followed by the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change Conference of 1997, and eventually President Obama led leaders of 192 states in understanding with its rules, assuring heavy fiscal compensations to 3rd universe states. Scientists have calculated that emanations of C dioxide by human activities sum to possibly 30 billion dozenss per twelvemonth because of assorted factors including fossil fuel combustion, cement production, gas flaring, industrial operations and take a breathing etc. They besides estimate that volcanic eruptions can on mean emit about one-forty-five to two-fifty-five million dozenss of C dioxide into the ambiance per twelvemonth. This seems to stipulate that human activities may let go of possibly 100 times the sum of C dioxide emitted by vents, therefore, this seems to be a realistic base for the cosmopolitan concern, which is that human activities have a great negative impact on the clime of Earth. However, it seems like that nature itself is seeking to do things worse as foremost acknowledging fad at Copenhagen by universe leaders and President Obama in support of Global Warming so along came the coldest winter in recent decennaries. Then eventually when Obama ‘s EPA poised to impose terrible pollutant limitations and rough fiscal punishments on American industry, a volcanic eruption in Iceland devastated the air-transport industry by shuting down about all flights over Europe for a hebdomad, which led to ruining major air hoses, with absent bail-outs by authoritiess. The major natural calamities: the recent eruption of Iceland ‘s Eyjafjallajokull vent along with many other including Krakatau, temblors, tsunamis, hurricanes, or cyclical changing of ambiance of ocean, should be adequate to warn decisio n-makers about clime alteration effects. After sing the incident of the Iceland vent eruption, other than man-kind activities in the mention to planetary heating and clime alteration seems warranted. The summer of 1816 is considered to be one of the coldest on record which is studied by many conditions scientists. The twelvemonth is known as the â€Å" Year without a summer † . It is besides known as the â€Å" Poverty Year † , due to widespread devastation of harvests. Severe clime oddness during the summer destroyed harvests in Northern Europe, Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, and mean planetary temperature lessening was sufficient plenty to do many agricultural failures around the universe. The most likely cause of the terrible clime alteration seems hence, to be the volcanic influences because greatly increased volcanic activity causes huge sums of ash and dust to be blown and trapped high in the ambiance, which in bend cause increased contemplation o f solar radiation ( alternatively of soaking up at the Earth ‘s surface ) , ensuing in globally reduced temperatures on Earth. Therefore human activities seem minor and undistinguished relation to the power of Nature. ( Kolom ) How do we cognize that atmospheric build-up of green house gases is due to human activities? Four lines of grounds prove once and for all that the recent buildup of C dioxide take topographic point mostly from human activities. The karyon of C atoms in C dioxide released by firing coal, oil, and natural gas ( fossil fuels ) vary in their features from the karyon of C atoms in C dioxide emitted under natural conditions. Tens of 1000000s of old ages ago, coal, oil, and natural gas were formed, and the part of their karyon, that was one time radioactive, has long ago changed to non- radioactive C. However the C dioxide released from natural beginnings on the Earth ‘s surface holds a mensurable radioactive part. As C dioxide has been emitted through fossil fuel burning, the radioactive fraction of C in the ambiance has decreased. Forty old ages ago scientists provided the first direct grounds that combustion of fossil fuels was doing a buildup of C dioxide and therefore cut downing radioactive C in the ambiance by mensurating the diminishing part of radioactive carbon-14 c aptured in tree rings, each twelvemonth between 1800 and 1950. Furthermore, scientists began doing accurate measurings of the entire sum of C dioxide in the ambiance in any states by late fiftiess. Their informations show convincingly that the degrees of C dioxide have increased each twelvemonth worldwide and these additions are reliable with other estimations of the rise of C dioxide emanations due to human activity over this period. In 1980, 3rd grounds was added that the ice buried below the surface of the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps contains bubbles of air trapped when the ice originally formed. These samples of fossil air have been retrieved by boring deep into the ice. Measurements from the youngest and most shallow sections of the ice nucleuss produced C dioxide consciousness to those that were measured straight in the ambiance at the clip the ice formed. But the older parts of the nucleuss show that C dioxide sums were approximately 25 % lower than today for the 10 thou sand old ages old to the oncoming of industrialisation. The concluding grounds comes from the geographic form of C dioxide measured in air. Observations show that there is somewhat more C dioxide in the Northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The difference arises because most of the human activities that produce C dioxide are in the North and it takes about a twelvemonth for northern hemispheric emanations to go around through the ambiance and make southern latitudes. ( Programme, 1997 ) Discussion: The argument on clime alteration is as what truly caused the clime to change with clip and which affected us adversely. Some say that clime is changed by natural factors like ocean currents or vents while others deny this fact and seek to turn out the point that human activities have forced the clime to alter. I support the 2nd sentiment, human activities so made the clime to alter and ensue into planetary heating. The concentration of Carbon dioxide in the ambiance has increased from 290ppm in 1880 to 352ppm in 1989 which can be concluded as the 20 % addition. This addition is about surely a consequence of human activities ( Ruddiman,2003 ) . There has been seen a sufficient addition in the emanation of Greenhouse gases due to human activities. For illustration methane has an estimated rate of emanation from human activity on the planet which is 375 million dozenss per twelvemonth. For C dioxide, there is besides an estimated rate of emanation from human activity which is 7100 million dozenss per twelvemonth. The anthropogenetic emanations of these two gases are easier to gauge, because we know about how much oil, coal, and natural gas worlds produce for ingestion around the universe each twelvemonth. We besides know about how much wood is burned and converted to agriculture each twelvemonth. Harmonizing to ‘The province of the environment ‘ published in 1991 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, human activities emit about 68 million tones of N oxides, 99 million dozenss of S oxides, 177 million dozenss of C monoxide, and 57 million tones of particulates ( dust ) . However, all these Numberss are really approximative. On the other manus, S oxides have been found to somewhat antagonize the nursery consequence caused by other gases. Still, sulfur oxides are really harmful to the environment and are best known for doing acerb rain. Carbon monoxide does n't lend to the nursery consequence, but has important effects on atmospheric chemical science. Dust is by and large thought to chill the atmosphere close to Earth ‘s surface, but this consequence depends on assorted factors, including the size and colour of the dust atoms. ( Davis, 2004 ) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific organic structure set up by the UN to look at clime alteration. It says that human activity is the chief cause of the alterations seen in clime. Recent studies from theA IPCC have concluded that most of the ascertained addition in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century isA really likelyA due to the ascertained addition inA anthropogenetic nursery gasA concentrations. â€Å" From new estimations of the combined anthropogenicA forcingA due to greenhouse gases, A aerosols, andA land surface alterations, it isA highly likelyA that human activities have exerted a significant net warming influence on clime since 1750. † ( Uk governement ‘s digital service: DirectGov ) The most of import factor for the clime alteration is the rushing up of nursery consequence by manmade activities, which is normally known as Global Warming. Basically, the Greenhouse consequence is of course caused by the emanations of gases like azotic oxide, carbon-dioxide, methane, ozone and H2O vapor.A However, anthropogenetic activities like firing the fossil fuels and deforestation makes the nursery consequence stronger. Which means more heat is trapped and the Earth ‘s clime begins to alter unnaturally. The fossil fuels ( coal, oil and natural gas ) are burned for assorted human activities chiefly used for transit, fabrication, warming, chilling, electricity coevals etc. this can be summed up after the industrial revolution, in eighteenth century, and more of the fossil fuels were being burned often. Therefore, manmade gases were being emitted into the ambiance, largely in the signifier of C dioxide emanations, from the combustion activity. These gases speed up the nursery consequence, coercing the clime to alter. Another factor forced the clime to alter and resulted into planetary heating is the act of deforestation. A Deforestation increases the sum of carbon-dioxide in the ambiance. Besides, due to the disappearing of trees, photosynthesis can non take topographic point which lowers the O degree in the ambiance. Deforestation is rampant today due to the addition in human civilisation. The degrees of deforestation have increased by approximately nine per centum in recent times. Furthermore, the combustion of wood besides causes it to disintegrate, hence let go ofing more carbon-dioxide into the ambiance, and carbon-dioxide being the chief perpetrator in planetary heating additions. Another semisynthetic cause of the addition in the Green house consequence due to the emanation of such gases is the usage of any electrical contraptions. Even the icebox in the house emits gases which contribute to the Greenhouse consequence. These gases are known as Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and are used in iceboxs, aerosol tins, and some bubbling agents in the packaging industry, fire extinguisher chemicals and cleaners used in the electronic industry. Some procedures of the cement fabrication industries besides act as a cause towards the Greenhouse effect.A Population growing besides is an indirect subscriber and one of the causes of the Greenhouse consequence. With the addition in population, the demands and wants of the people addition. Therefore, this increases the fabrication processes every bit good as the industry processes. This consequences in the addition of the release of industrial gases which catalyze the green house consequence. The addition in population besides consequences in the addition of agricultural procedures. Most semisynthetic machines, like the car besides contribute to the green house consequence. In one of the recent articles planetary heating has been linked with the recent natural catastrophes. As about 14 million people have been affected by the torrential rains in Pakistan, A doing it a more serious human-centered catastrophe than the South Asian tsunami and recent temblors in Kashmir and Haiti combined. The catastrophe was driven by a ‘supercharged jet watercourse ‘ that has besides caused inundations in China and a drawn-out heat moving ridge in Russia. Which comes after brassy inundations in France and Eastern Europe killed more than 30 people over the summer. Jean-Pascal new wave Ypersele, vice-president of the organic structure set up by the UN to supervise planetary heating, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , said the ‘dramatic ‘ conditions forms are consistent with alterations in the clime caused by world. â€Å" These are events which reproduce and intensify in a clime disturbed by nursery gas pollution, † he sa id, â€Å" Extreme events are one of the ways in which climatic alterations become dramatically seeable. † Professor Andrew Watson, a climatologist at the University of East Anglia, which was at the Centre of last twelvemonth ‘s ‘climate gate ‘ dirt, said the utmost events are â€Å" reasonably consistent with the IPCC studies and what 99 per cent of the scientists believe to be go oning † . â€Å" I ‘m quite sure that the increased frequence of these sorts of summers over the last few decennaries is linked to climate alteration, † he said. ( Gray ) However, writers such asA Lean and Rind ( 1996 ) A believe that, although natural factors may be the ground for most temperature addition before the Industrial Revolution, ‘ the most likely cause of clime alteration since about 1850†¦ is the turning concentration of nursery gases as the net atmospheric temperature addition, or ‘forcing ‘ is mostly due to human ( anthropogenetic ) activities.Interestingly, particulate emanations from vents produce a net lessening in planetary temperatures, due to the brooding belongingss ( reflective power ) of the sulphate aerosol atoms formed in the stratosphere. ( Bianchi, 2010 ) Decision: The Earth ‘s clime is dynamic and ever altering through a natural rhythm but the anthropogenetic activities make this rhythm speed up unnaturally that create jobs in the ambiance as either the Earth gets curiously warmer or the people have to confront natural catastrophes. However if adult male has created all these jobs, he should besides seek to do things better by happening practical solutions.

Boyz in D Hood

A Stereotypical Black Woman: Single Mother’s Roles in Boyz in D Hood The movie chronicles the story of a Black American boy named Tre and his friends in an all Black community. He and his friends grew up aspiring to become someone in the society. Both are raised by single parents: Tre by his father and Ricky by his mother. While Tre’s father is portrayed in a positive way, the mothers (both Tre’s and Ricky’s) were portrayed in the most traditional ways as pointed out by Professor Michele Wallace.Women are portrayed in their traditional roles which are very limiting especially in an era where women empowerment has already been advocated. These traditional roles include being a housewife, taking care of children, cooking, cleaning the house, serving food for guests. In other words, women are still constrained in their domestic roles. For instance, Ricky’s mother is seen only inside the house. She occasionally goes outside but only on the front door to remind her children before they leave for school.In particular, she is seen in the party cooking, taking care of guests, and serving food. She is restricted to this kind of role and nothing else. At the same time, Tre’s mother is also portrayed as a stereotypical woman. Although she is not portrayed in her domestic roles, she is portrayed as someone who is a subordinate to her husband, Tre’s father Furious. This is because she had to surrender his son to him when she felt that she is not capable of raising him the right way.When she wanted to bring Tre back and Furious refused, she succumbed to that. She has to accept that it is Furious, the husband, who has the last say when it comes to their son. This means that the only role that a woman is allowed in this film is her domestic role. In any case that she defy this role, then she will be alienated with all her happiness such as the presence and love of a son in case of Tre’s mother.

Morgans Raid in the Civil War

Morgans Raid in the Civil War Morgans Raid - Conflict Dates: Morgans Raid was conducted from June 11 to July 26, 1863 during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Ambrose Burnsideapprox. 40,000 men Confederates Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan2,462 men Morgans Raid - Background: In late spring 1863, with Union troops conducting the Siege of Vicksburg and General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia embarking on the Gettysburg Campaign, General Braxton Bragg sought to distract enemy forces in Tennessee and Kentucky. To accomplish this, he turned to Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, Morgan had proven himself a capable cavalry leader during the early part of the war and had led several effective raids into the Union rear. Assembling a select force of 2,462 men and a battery of light artillery, Morgan received orders from Bragg directing him to attack through Tennessee and Kentucky. Morgans Raid - Tennessee: Though he happily accepted these orders, Morgan harbored a desire to carry the war into the North by invading Indiana and Ohio. Aware of his subordinates aggressive nature, Bragg strictly forbade him to cross the Ohio River as he did not wish Morgans command to be lost. Assembling his men at Sparta, TN, Morgan rode out on June 11, 1863. Operating in Tennessee, his forces began moving towards Kentucky late in the month after Major General William Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland began its Tullahoma Campaign. Seeking to aid Bragg by disrupting Rosecrans supply lines, Morgan crossed the Cumberland River on June 23 and entered Kentucky on July 2. Morgans Raid - Kentucky: After camping between Campbellsville and Columbia on the night of July 3, Morgan planned to push north and cross the Green River at Tebbs Bend the next day. Moving out, he found that the bend was guarded five companies of the 25th Michigan Infantry which had constructed earthworks in the area. Attacking eight times through the day, Morgan was unable to overwhelm the Union defenders. Falling back, he shifted south before crossing the river at Johnson Ford. Riding north, the Confederates attacked and captured Lebanon, KY on July 5. Though Morgan captured around 400 prisoners in the fighting, he was crushed with his younger brother, Lieutenant Thomas Morgan, was killed. Advancing towards Louisville, Morgans raiders fought several skirmishes with Union troops and local militia. Reaching Springfield, Morgan dispatched a small force to the northeast in an attempt to confuse the Union leadership as to his intentions. This detachment was later captured at New Pekin, IN before it could rejoin the main column. With the enemy off balance, Morgan led his main body northwest through Bardstown and Garnettsville before reaching the Ohio River at Brandenburg. Entering the town, the Confederates captured two riverboats, John B. McCombs and Alice Dean. In direct violation of his orders from Bragg, Morgan began moving his command across the river on July 8. Morgans Raid - Indiana: Landing east of Mauckport, the raiders drove off a force of Indiana militia before burning Alice Dean and sending John B. McCombs downstream. As Morgan began moving north into the heart of Indiana, the states governor, Oliver P. Morton, frantically put a call out for volunteers to oppose the invaders. While militia units quickly formed, the commander of the Department of the Ohio, Major General Ambrose Burnside, moved to shift Union forces to cut off Morgans lines of retreat south. Advancing up the Maukport Road, Morgan overwhelmed a force of Indiana militia at the Battle of Corydon on July 9. Entering the town, Morgan paroled the militiamen before seizing supplies. Morgans Raid - Ohio: Turning east, the raiders passed through Vienna and Dupont before arriving at Salem. There they burned the railroad depot, rolling stock, as well as two railroad bridges. Looting the town, Morgans men took cash and supplies before departing. Pressing on, the column entered Ohio at Harrison on July 13. That same day Burnside declared martial in Cincinnati to the south. Despite recent celebrations in response to the Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Morgans raid caused widespread panic and fear across Indiana and Ohio. Passing through Springdale and Glendale, Morgan remained to the north of Cincinnati in an effort to avoid Burnsides men. Continuing east, Morgan dashed across southern Ohio with the goal of reaching West Virginia and turning south into Confederate territory. To accomplish this, he intended to re-cross the Ohio River using the fords at Buffington Island, WV. Assessing the situation, Burnside correctly guessed Morgans intentions and directed Union forces to Buffington Island. As Union gunboats moved into position, columns led by Brigadier Generals Edward Hobson and Henry Judah marched to intercept the raiders. In an effort to block the ford prior to their arrival, Burnside dispatched a local militia regiment to the island. Reaching Buffington Island late on July 18, Morgan elected not to attack this force. Morgans Raid - Defeat Capture: This pause proved disastrous as Union forces arrived during the night. With Lieutenant Commander LeRoy Fitchs gunboats blocking the river, Morgan soon found his command nearly surrounded on a plain near Portland, OH. In the resulting Battle of Buffington Island, Union troops captured around 750 of Morgans men, including his executive officer, Colonel Basil Duke, and inflicted losses of 152 killed and wounded. Morgan was able to escape with around half of his men by slipping through some nearby woods. Fleeing north, he hoped to cross the river at an undefended ford near Belleville, WV. Arriving, around 300 men successfully crossed before Union gunboats arrived on the scene. While Morgan elected to remain in Ohio, Colonel Adam Stovepipe Johnson led the rest to safety. Reduced to around 400 men, Morgan turned inland and sought to escape his pursuers. Resting at Nelsonville, the Confederates burned boats along a local canal before riding northeast. Passing through Zanesville, Morgan still sought to cross into West Virginia. Pressed by Brigadier General James Shackelfords Union cavalry, the raiders were attacked at Salinesville, OH on July 26. Badly routed, Morgan lost 364 of men in the fighting. Escaping with a small party, he was captured later that day by Major George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry. Though many of his enlisted men were taken to Camp Douglas near Chicago, Morgan and his officers were incarcerated at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, OH. Morgans Raid - Aftermath: Though the entirety of his command was lost as a result of the raid, Morgan captured and paroled around 6,000 Union soldiers prior to his capture. In addition, his men disrupted Union rail operations across Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio while also burning 34 bridges. Despite being captured, Morgan and Duke felt the raid was a success as it allowed Bragg to retreat safely while tying down thousands of Union troops which otherwise could have reinforced Rosecrans. On November 27, Morgan and six of his officers successfully escaped from the Ohio Penitentiary and returned south. Though Morgans return was lauded by the Southern press, he was not received with open arms by his superiors. Angry that he had violated his orders to remain south of the Ohio, Bragg never fully trusted him again. Placed in command of Confederate forces in eastern Tennessee and southwest Virginia, Morgan attempted to rebuild the raiding force that he had lost during the 1863 campaign. In the summer of 1864, he was accused of robbing a bank in Mt. Sterling, KY. While some his men were involved, there is no evidence to suggest that Morgan played a role. While working to clear his name, Morgan and his men encamped at Greeneville, TN. On the morning of September 4, Union troops attacked the town. Taken by surprise, Morgan was shot and killed while attempting to escape from the attackers. Selected Sources Ohio History: Morgans RaidMorgans Men Association Connor Prairie: Morgans Raid

Gallium Spoon Tricks

Gallium Spoon Tricks Gallium is a shiny metal with one property in particular that makes it perfect for science tricks. This element melts just above room temperature (around 30Â °C or 86Â °F), so you can melt it in the palm of your hand, between your fingers, or in a cup of hot water. A classic set-up for gallium tricks is to make or purchase a spoon made from pure gallium. The metal has about the same weight and appearance as stainless steel, plus once you melt the spoon, you can reshape the gallium to use it again and again. Gallium Spoon Materials You need either gallium and a spoon mold or else a gallium spoon. Its a bit more expensive, but if you get the mold, you can make a spoon over and over. Otherwise, youll need to mold the metal by hand to re-use it as a spoon. The Mind-Bending Gallium Spoon Trick This is a classic magician trick in which the trickster rests a gallium spoon on a finger or else rubs it between two fingers, appears to concentrate, and bends the spoon with the power of his mind. Youve got a couple of ways to pull off this trick: Rest the spoon on a finger that you warmed up right before the trick. Easy ways to warm your hand are to hold a cup of hot tea or coffee or simply put your hand under your armpit briefly.Rub a section of the spoon between two fingers. Friction generates heat, which will soften the spoon. The weight of the spoon will cause it to bend. The Disappearing Spoon Trick If you stir a warm or hot cup of liquid with a gallium spoon, the metal melts almost immediately. The spoon disappears into a cup of dark liquid or pools visibly at the bottom of a cup of clear liquid. It behaves much like mercury (a metal that is liquid at room temperature), but gallium is safe to handle. I dont recommend drinking the liquid, though. Gallium isnt particularly toxic, but its not edible.

History of Mathematics High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Mathematics High School - Essay Example The rods are placed in columns with the rightmost column representing the units, the next column representing the tens, then the nest representing the hundreds, and so on. Red rods represent the positive numbers while black rods represent the negative numbers. For example, the number 25 will have a representation using the rods where 5 will be placed in the rightmost column and 2 will be placed in the next column. An empty column represents zero (Chinese Rod Numerals (Counting Rods)). The rods were carried in a pouch and placed on a counting board which had compartments corresponding to the ones, tens, hundreds place and so on. Each compartment was split into two parts. The right part is for the heng (1 to 9) rods and the left part was for the tsangs (10 to 90) rods. Whole numbers are represented by combining these two types of rods. After the rods were placed in their rightful compartments, they were then manipulated by repositioning and reforming them as required by the arithmetic operation. The first evidence of the existence of zero is from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotomia some 5,000 years ago (Wallin). This was in the form of cuneiform symbol for numbers where a slanted double wedge between two cuneiform symbols indicates an absence of a number or zero. Over time it became a positional notation form in the Babylonian Empire.