Future of Jit - 680 Words

Future of JIT If we really look internationally then we can very well judge that behind all MNCs success there is a just a smart management which have used tactics like JIT, and now we can see the difference just note if you can recall any 1 Pakistani international brand? We all will answer no, and the main reason implementing policies like this will make us compete in international market. Mr. Sajid Ali, managing director BASF, says if we closely focus on JIT it basically eliminates some wastes like Waste from Overproduction Waste of waiting/idle time Transportation Waste Inventory Waste Processing Waste Waste of Motion Waste from Product Defects He says, Despite plant shutdowns caused by parts being†¦show more content†¦The materials and parts are for the current-days production. A Dana Corp. plant in Stockton, Calif., that supplies frames to NUMMI also shut down, and Honda of America Manufacturing Inc. temporarily idled several plants in Ohio and Canada as a direct result of the port closures and alleged slowdown. Joyce L. Gioia, a consultant and business futurist with The Herman Group, Greensboro, N.C., says the port labor dispute is an example of one of many challenges JIT will face in the future. The future of JIT is still bright. However, we are being faced with an ever-increasing number of wildcards -- events that seem to come out of left field, No one had given serious consideration of the events happening and their consequences before they happened. But it is very clear that in Pakistan we have to be ready for all these of situations before properly implementing JIT. Other JIT wild cards for Pakistan in future would might include terrorist threats and attacks, which could close borders; economic crises overseas, which could paralyze banking systems; and, as always, weather disasters or natural disaster like the few months back Earthquake. Haji Mohd Hanif, procurement head of GSK says, A buyer might take out an insurance policy in the form of a contract with the alternate supplier that would only take effect when needed. At other times, the userShow MoreRelatedBose Jit Ii1586 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol on quality of the product. Now the questions are that does Bose need to continue with JIT II approach, which has been in effect in the company since past 3 years? Or Bose should become vertically integrated to ensure that production lines are well supplied, and to ensure that all components are in-house and best that can be manufactured? Our group recommends that Bose Corporation should stay with JIT II approach. 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Guidelines for Writing the Final Paper Readdress the concept and the experience with critical thought. That is, what is your response to the content, either positive or negative, and then defend your position. If multiple options/alternatives/positions are present and are being rejected you must also defend the reasons for rejecting an option. BUS 644 Week 6 DQ 1 Just-in-Time (JIT) Inventories. Choose companies or industries for which JIT would be totallyRead MoreJit - Jit Volunteer Flyer1508 Words   |  7 Pages1. JIT Volunteer Flyer a. Specifically, how does the flyer’s content support the JIT’s brand? ââ€"  The flyer has quality descriptions of JIT programs which reflect the brand s commitment to being a responsive and caring community for former foster youth. ââ€"  The phrase â€Å"ending the cycle† is used on both sides of the flyer to help communicate why JIT exists. ââ€"  The photos help convey a personal, relationshiporientated culture. ââ€"  The purple triangles that spice up the flyer help convey playfulness, anotherRead MoreInventory Systems Summary1584 Words   |  7 PagesQuantitative Reasoning for Business 1 July 2010 Dr. Robert Kalle Inventory Systems Summary: Learning Team A Learning Team A met to discuss details of the assignment to analyze, compare, and contrast four inventory systems in preparation for future assignments (Breland, Charles, Grace, Kirkland). The analysis presented describes four inventory systems as described and analyzed by each team member. Also included in the inventory systems analysis are four comparisons presenting the advantagesRead MoreBose Corporation Is A Massachusetts Based Global Supplier Of Consumer Electronics Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagescanceling headsets and premier automobile stereo systems. Bose is also known for pioneering the concept of Just In Time II (JIT II), a customer-supplier partnership concept that is now practiced by other major companies and their suppliers. This case study analyzes some of the major components of Bose’s supply management strategy and processes, including the implementation of JIT II. Performance Measurement System According to the Purchasing and Supply Chain Management textbook, â€Å"Supplier performanceRead MoreBose Case Study1101 Words   |  5 Pagesjust-in-time system known as JIT II. Executive Summary: This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and future status of the Bose Corporation supply management system. This report finds that, behind the success of their recent technological advancements (EDI and JIT II systems), the Bose Corporation is currently trending in a very positive upward direction. Recommendations discussed include: the furthering implementation of both the EDI and JIT II systems domestically and internationallyRead MoreMutual Insurance Company Of Iowa759 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided to follow the Just In Time (JIT) approach for its economic benefits and quality of work. It was facilitated through the part-time employees that were brought in to clear the backlogs. JIT is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs (Investopedia, n.d.). The claim processing team was provided with training for JIT strategy, and their jobs were redesigned

Cost Reduction Strategy Free Essays

string(45) " relationships with suppliers of components\." Introduction Cost reduction is a key aim of business during the current economic downturn. In addition to intense competition for opportunity, businesses face myriad challenges in the sustenance of their activities and operations, often leading them to research on and implement cost-cutting strategies. These strategies are also essential for companies in their endeavour to create even higher profit margins on their products and services (Hines et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Reduction Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cost reduction strategies often come at the expense of growth potential with businesses often having to juggle, on the one hand their quest for growth, and on the other reduction of costs (Hill et al, 2001; Womack and Jones, 2003). Cost reduction can be necessitated by several factors including revenue declines with sustainability pegged on costs having to drop to keep pace; fixed cost base with companies having to operate at a relatively high percentage of capacity in order to turn a profit, a perilous trap; as well as, creeping costs which result from the evolution to complexity of processes increasing variety of expenses, increase in entitlements over time, and the continual incurring of traditional non-essential expenses (Salvador et al., 2002). Modular production techniques in both manufacturing and service industries bring together three well-known cost reduction methods including: economies of scope, outsourcing and product/service redesign. This paper discusses these methods exploring ways in which they contribute to the reduction of costs with particular regard to three businesses in specific industries: a car assembler, a supermarket chain, and an airline. It begins by defining the three cost reduction methods focused upon which forms the basis upon which ways in which cost reduction can be realised in the selected industries are discussed in latter sections. Cost-reduction strategies Economies-of-scope refers to the changes in average costs resulting from the changes in the output mix between two or more products. It refers to the potential cost savings resulting from joint production of products and offer of services that are at times not directly related. An example of this is when diverse product production or service delivery share company management structure, administration systems, marketing departments, and production facilities and other facilities (Silverman, 1999; Hines et al, 2004). Economies of scope provide firms with two key benefits: it enables the lowering of average costs of production resulting from the spread of large overhead costs across a broad range of products which enables higher profits for the company or reduced prices for customers; it also enables the diversification of revenue streams which reduces the risks associated with product failure (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). Outsourcing entails contracting out non-core business functions to third-party providers. It is viewed oftentimes as a means through which firms can cope with increasing competition through the quest for cheaper suppliers, with cost reduction being the primary motive and not the underlying economic force driving it (Wynstra et al., 2001). In some other instances, a company may choose to delegate bulky, time-consuming and intensive production processes to external contractors so as to enhance focus on core business functions even if costs are not the motivation (Campbell, 1992). External entities take charge of assigned tasks enabling the company to enhance focus on specialty lines or core business which earns a significant proportion of the company’s revenues. Product/service re-design refers to improvements on product or service and model changes that may result in greater efficiency gains in production or the reduction of inputs/raw materials required thereby leading to reduction in costs (Salvador et al., 2002). Product redesign may also enable the enhancement of demand through its appeal to customers or new markets thereby enhancing revenues accrued. A.Car assembler In view of a stand-alone car assembler focused on its core activity engaging in market transactions with external suppliers from which it buys or rents materials, components and other specialized inputs, and sells assembled cars onwards to independent distributors, the achievement of reduction in costs can be achieved through the pursuit of strategies such as outsourcing, product or service redesign and those that enable the realization of scope economics. Economies of scope The highly focused organizational structure of a car assembler could be tweaked to enhance scope in pursuit of strategies such as vertical integration; horizontal integration or unrelated diversification. Vertical integration Vertical integration involves the uptake by a business of tasks and functions hitherto undertaken by players participating within its supply chain, either up or downstream (Silverman, 1999). Asset specificity is pronounced in the car assembly industry with component parts such as tyres, engines, among other parts often being purchased from specialist suppliers. The assembler’s engagement with these suppliers under pure market exchanges can have several challenges including unsustainable costs which make it prudent for the company to reach further along the supply chain, enhancing its capacity to produce the required components (Wynstra et al., 2001). The savings accrued from both the production of requisite component parts and conducting the assembly processes and/or engaging in later processes such as distribution, sales and marketing make vertical integration a significant competitive advantage, with reduced costs having the potential of enabling price reductions and/or enha nced profitability. Horizontal integration Horizontal integration involves the uptake of production processes of businesses across the industry such as those of another existing car assembler through acquisitions or mergers or diversification into related industries such technology production (technology-related diversification) (Silverman, 1999). It may also include customer-related diversification which encompasses the extension of the product range or broadening of the portfolio of business products offered (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). Such integration enables a business to spread its costs, especially the high fixed cost base characteristic of the car assembly industry, over a wider range of revenue streams achieving overall efficiency and fully utilizing transferable proprietary know-how, skills and technologies. It also enables the shared utilization of other sources of economies of scope including purchasing, advertising, and research and development (Womack and Jones, 2003). To avoid possible adverse consequences of asset specificity in the industry, major assemblers have sought to develop long-term close, collaborative relationships with suppliers of components. You read "Cost Reduction Strategy" in category "Essay examples" These relationships are designed to tap into the benefits of vertical integration though costs such as would be incurred in the case of complete mergers are avoided. These become the critical pathways through which modern businesses create value (Hines et al, 2004)). Sharing and efficient utilization of resources results in significant cost savings in light of enhanced revenue inflows and the spread out of costs over diverse product and service offerings. Outsourcing Outsourcing for a car assembler would entail contracting external entities to undertake bulky non-core activities so that the assembler can maintain a lean organizational structure and enable enhanced focus on activities it considers to be its core competences (Sanchez, 2000). It is often the case that production costs incurred by an external supplier are smaller probably because of larger scale or superior learning which could be difficult to replicate, or other specialization advantage (Salvador et al., 2002). A lean structure and focus would imply reduction in staffing and asset acquisition costs, as well as transactional costs needed to cover for the completion of the outsourced tasks, costs which are passed on to the contractors (Womack and Jones, 2003). Savings on such fronts, which may include throughput on operations, may be used to enhance performance and quality of core activities to achieve greater competitive advantage, or they may be factored in for price reductions or profits. Some component manufacturers are moving into the final assembly segment of operations encouraged by major car makers. Such include Valmet (Finland) which assembles cars for Saab, Lada and Porsche, and Austrian company Steyr which assembles Chrysler and Mercedes. This move is enabled by policies of extensive outsourcing. Toyota, on the other hand, built itself a flexible manufacturing system in which it is heavily reliant on subsidiaries and other suppliers, with its degree of outsourcing typically estimated at 60-70% (Hampson, 1999). Product/service redesign In the case of a car assembler working with expensive items such as steel, the cube-square rule finds appropriate application for cost reduction. This rule explains that doubling the diameter of a hollow sphere increases its volume eightfold, but its surface area is only increased fourfold (Womack and Jones, 2003). In a production process, the cost of a vessel or component may vary with surface area while its capacity varies with volume. Such balancing in design and reworking of components and parts may result in significant cost savings with regard to expensive inputs in car assembly such as steel (Salvador et al., 2002). Toyota’s success is majorly attributed to its Toyota Production System (TPS) which is a system of continuous improvement, an interlocking of many strategies and business practices developed through iterations over time and learning which create complementary synergistic effects for Toyota and which are difficult to emulate (Hampson, I., 1999). This system enhances strategic fit and complementarity which yields economies of scope which enables Toyota to meet customer demand for diverse models to meet varied preferences, and with less wastage than would be in mass production systems (Campbell, 1992; Hill et al, 2001). This strategic fit enables the company have a significant competitive advantage with the resultant efficiencies saving up costs. B.Supermarket chain Considering a supermarket chain which is involved in basic retail activities including reception of goods from producers, stocking in shelves, and checking out customers who make purchases, reduction in costs could be achieved through pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing of non-core processes, and/or redesign of products or services. Economies of scope The pursuit of economies of scope can be achieved through linked supply chains which entails integrating a vertical supply chain, as well as operating two or more hitherto independent businesses under centralized management (horizontal integration) (Abernathy et al, 2000). With optimal efficiency, this strategy results in productivity gains, waste reduction and cost improvements. Vertical integration To get fresh products, Morrison’s, a UK supermarket chain, has reached back through its supply chain to the farm, cutting off middlemen and warehouses which would have led to increases in costs to cover the margins of the individual participants in the chain. This, as well as its ownership of its own slaughterhouses, bakeries and food preparation sites, has significantly enhanced its efficiency and enabled reductions in costs, a distinctive competitive advantage (Morrisons, 2012). Horizontal integration Supermarkets have economies of scope when they offer a variety of products or services that do not comprise the usual basic goods and services available in supermarket stores (Abernathy et al, 2000). Such products and services may include ready cooked meals, financial services (such as retail banking), fuel stations, clothing and furniture, among other diverse provisions through a single service infrastructure, the store. These not only meet today’s busy shopper’s preference for a one-stop shop, but also lead to the provision of a complementary variety of products concentrated on the supermarket’s core competence (Hines et al, 2004). This results in the distribution of costs over a wide and diverse range of products resulting in overall savings. The expansion of stores such as Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury into various service-provision segments (demand-driven diversification) so as to appeal to the modern consumer illustrates this strategy (Morrisons, 2012). A supermarket chain may also pursue related diversification building upon and extending existing capability, resources or expertise to achieve greater competitiveness. Cost savings are enabled when a business transfers expertise in one business to a new business, as well as in the businesses sharing operational skills and know-how, facilities, equipment or other existing assets including intangible assets such as corporate core competence (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). This can be illustrated by the entry of supermarket chains such as Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury into the convenience store segment in pursuit of customer preference for smaller stores and small frequent shopping trends. This venture is in order to supplement waning revenues of larger stores (Morrisons, 2012). Outsourcing The progress of the general-purpose technology such as information technology (IT) enables the reduction of market transaction costs which leads to increased capacity for outsourcing (Abernathy et al, 2000). Outsourcing for a supermarket chain may entail contracting suppliers to undertake time-consuming and logistically challenging tasks such as warehousing and distribution, as well as new services such as the ready-cooked food segments. Such a strategy is necessitated if the existing mode of in-house performance of these tasks is more costly than obtaining it through market transactions or some form of long term contractual relationship (Hines et al, 2004). Efficiency is thereby enhanced in the conduct of the supermarket’s core activities, reducing costs associated with outsourced tasks and enhancing potential revenues increases. Product or service redesign Many supermarket chains are seeking to tap into new segments such as the online marketplace not only to meet customer preferences but also to reduce costs associated with its usual processes (Abernathy et al, 2000). In this customers order for product items which are then sent to their stated locations cutting off a number of processes that were hitherto undertaken thereby enabling significant savings. Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury, among other supermarket chains are pursuing such new market segments in pursuit of enhanced competitiveness and customer preference (Morrisons, 2012). Airline We consider an airline whose business provides basic services of passenger travel including scheduling, preparation and planning for flights, check-in, actual flight to destinations, and customer service. Pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing and product or service redesign which are the cost reduction methods focused upon in this paper are herein discussed with regard to an airline business. Economies of scope In this regard, vertical and horizontal integration mechanisms are discussed outlining their contribution to cost reduction. Vertical integration Vertical integration for an airline may entail the uptake of activities beyond its usual scope such as ticketing commonly undertaken by local service providers along its supply chain. Progress into such fronts is greatly enhanced by developments in internet technologies which enable customers to book flights, buy and print out tickets online, reducing the need for staff and investment on facilities dedicated to this task (Abernathy et al, 2000). This removes the costs of commissions paid out to the service providers as well as related organizational costs resulting in cost savings and greater efficiency. Horizontal integration To achieve economies of scope and thereby reductions in cost, an airline might venture into the cargo segment, customizing some of its existing planes for this purpose and delegating some staff under its organizational structure to run processes associated with cargo handling and transport. Through this related diversification of operations, the firm is able to build upon or extend its existing capability, resources or areas of expertise to achieve greater competitiveness (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). An airline could also pursue mergers or scope acquisitions, to enhance or extend its product portfolio. This is a common trend in the industry with airlines frequently collaborating and coordinating their activities to achieve efficiency gains as well as to widen their geographical markets, reaching to routes across the globe and specific markets served by partner airlines which might not be feasible for it as a single entity (VBA, 2011). It has also become a common trend for airlines to invest in hotels and other facilities in the hospitality industry so as to tap onto an existing demand, as well as to reduce their costs in cases of delays and other unforeseen circumstances which usually result in added costs for the airline. This strategy turns the airlines previous challenges into strengths, as well as providing a revenue stream from related divestiture. Horizontal integration can be illustrated by Virgin airlines in its strategic alliances with Etihad Airways and Delta Air Lines which enhance its reach to the TransPacific Los Angeles route and the Abu Dhabi route, its gateway to Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with the collaboration benefiting all the partner airlines (VBA, 2011). Outsourcing Outsourcing for an airline is undertaken to streamline operations and enhance service quality (Wynstra et al., 2001). Tasks such as aircraft maintenance and ground support, as well as food processing for service on-board are labour-intensive and specialized tasks that can be outsourced if costs of contracting them are favourable. This would enable the airline to enhance focus on customer service and operations related to flight reducing overheads and other cost requirements. An example is Navitaire, a service supplier for airlines, which offers an extensive global distribution suite enabling low-cost reservations which has enabled the improvement of profitability especially among the low-cost airlines using the service, lower operational and distribution costs and generation of ancillary revenues (Abernathy et al, 2000). Product/service redesign To enhanced service offerings in the competitive business environment and, as well, to rein in on rising costs, it is incumbent upon airline companies to conduct frequent network reviews, fleet realignments, operational integration so as to ensure that they remain profitable, effective and efficient in their processes. The company in the redesign and realignment should be bold enough to undertake thought-out exit from the non-profitable routes lowering its liabilities and costs. An example is Virgin Australia’s endeavour at restructuring in 2011 following its poor performance evident in its 2010 financial results (VBA, 2011). Conclusion For sustainability, the aim of the cost-cutting strategy is to maximize efficiency without compromising growth potential. To achieve this, companies need to identify core competencies upon which focus is enhanced and efficiency improved, with the non-core functions being trimmed and consolidated to achieve reduction in unnecessary costs (Hines et al, 2004). Such savings can be reinvested in critical assets, enhancing core competencies and thereby improving overall efficiency. References Abernathy, F., J., Dunlop, and J., Hammond, 2000. â€Å"Retailing and supply chains in the information age.† In: Technology in Society, Vol. 22, pp. 5-31. Campbell, A., 1992. â€Å"Building Core Skills.† In: Andrew Campbell and Kathleen Luchs: Strategic Synergy. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Hand?eld, R., and E., Nichols, 2002. Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Systems. Financial Times. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hill, M., R., Ireland, and R.., Hoskisson, 2001. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Fourth Edition. South-Western College Publishing, Hines, P., M., Holweg, and N., Rich, 2004. â€Å"Learning to evolve: a review of contemporary lean thinking.† In: International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 994-1012. Morrisons, 2012. Food with thought: Corporate responsibility review 2011/12. Wm Morrisons Supermarkets PLC. Sanchez, R., 2000. â€Å"Modular architectures, knowledge assets and organizational learning: new management processes for product creation.† In: International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 19, No 6. Salvador, F., C., Forza, and M., Rungtusanatham, 2002. â€Å"Modularity, product variety, production volume, and component sourcing: theorizing beyond generic prescriptions.† In: Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20, pp. 549-75. Silverman, B., 1999. â€Å"Technological resources and the direction of corporate diversification: Toward an integration of the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics.† In: Management Science, 45 (8), 1109–1124. VBA financial report, 2011. Virgin Australia group of companies. 30th June. Viewed from: http://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2011/VA-FY11-ASX/ Womack, J., and D., Jones, 2003. Lean Thinking, 2nd ed., Free Press Business, London. Wynstra, F., A., Weele, and M., Weggemann, 2001. â€Å"Managing supplier involvement in product development: three critical issues.† In: European Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 157-66. Hampson, , 1999. â€Å"Lean Production and the Toyota Production System: the Case of the Forgotten Production Concepts.† In: Economics and Industrial Democracy, Volume 20: 369-391 How to cite Cost Reduction Strategy, Essay examples

Is the American Constitution past its Sell by Date free essay sample

This essay addresses the change in American politics, with reference to the Constitution and how the Republican views of the founding fathers has not been kept. A constitution embodies the fundamental principles of a government. The United States (US) constitution, adopted by the sovereign power, is amendable by that power only. To the constitution all laws, executive actions, and, judicial decisions must conform, as it is the creator of the powers exercised by the departments of government. A brief history of the origins of the constitution will follow, the point that is to be argued is that although the founding fathers did an exceptional job in creating a constitution that would last for centuries to come, the constitution is now out of date, it is my view and that of others, that a Democratic state has taken over the Republican state that was envisaged by the framers of the constitution and therefore the constitution itself is out of date. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the American Constitution past its Sell by Date or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although American citizens idolize the constitution and have it form a pivotal part of their lives the ideology behind its making and the one that exists in contemporary America are two distinctly different things. The ideology of the founding fathers shall be analyzed, specifically the way that they envisaged a Republic, and America is now viewed, by its own people, and outsiders as a great Democracy.

Reconciling Desire free essay sample

A look at how the literary world has addressed the issue of mans struggle with personal desire. This paper examines the issue of desire and how man approaches the struggle when individual desires come into conflict with what society judges to be appropriate. The works of Swift, More, and Chaucer are explored. The question of human desire, no matter how that desire may manifest itself, has long been an intellectual and emotional stumbling block for society, politics, culture, and religion. Throughout history, individuals have had to learn how to reconcile their personal desires inside larger social institutions institutions that for their part have very often come to challenge or undermine the legitimacy of human desire. More often than not, individuals have had to find ways to suppress their desires given that they somehow come into conflict with more acceptable, social standards. Literature, though, in fact, this might be a common theme in most all forms of art, at one time or another has reflected this on-going, archetypal struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on Reconciling Desire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Esperar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Esperar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples Esperar is a common Spanish verb that can mean to hope for, to wait, and to expect. You can figure out which meaning is intended by looking at the context, sentence structure, and whether esperar is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. This article explains some of the different uses of esperar in Spanish, as well as esperar conjugations in the present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. Four Ways of Using the Verb Esperar Esperar Que  Followed by a Verb The phrase esperar que is typically followed by a verb. If that verb is in the subjunctive mood, esperar can often be understood to mean hope, while if that verb is in the indicative mood, it usually can be understood to mean expect. The use of the indicative mood suggests some degree of certainty, while the subjunctive mood indicates desire. The use of the subjunctive following esperar que is far more common. Also, the following phrases are common:  ¡Espero que sà ­! (I hope so!) ¡Espero que no! (I hope not!) To Wait or To Wait For This is one of the most common meanings of esperar, as seen in the following examples: Por favor espera aquà ­ por un momento. (Please wait here for a moment.)Bajaron al andà ©n y esperaron el tren. (They stepped down to the platform and waited for the train.)Esperamos la llegada de la policà ­a federal. (We are waiting for the arrival of the federal police.) To Expect This is another common meaning that is determined by the context: El amor llega cuando uno menos lo espera. (Love comes when you least expect it.)Para el 2028 esperamos la llegada de unos 406 mil turistas. (For 2028 we are expecting the arrival of some 406,000 tourists. Note how in some contexts hope for could be a suitable translation.) The phrase estar esperando can be used in the same way as the English to be expecting when referring to pregnancy: Carme Chacà ³n confirma que el bebà © que est esperando es un nià ±o. (Carme Chacon confirms that the baby she is expecting is a boy.) Using Esperar  Like Gustar Esperar is sometimes used in a sentence with inverted word order, like gustar and some other verbs. A better translation in such cases is await: Al dà ³lar le esperan tiempos peores. (Worse times await the dollar.)Me espera una vida nueva en algà ºn lugar del mundo.  (A new life awaits me somewhere in the world.) ¿Quà © avances tecnolà ³gicos nos esperan en el futuro? (What technological advancements await in the future? Present Indicative Esperar is conjugated in the same way as other regular -ar verbs. Yo espero Yo espero el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperas Tà º esperas a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella espera Ella espera triunfar en la competencia. She hopes to succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperamos Nosotros esperamos verte pronto. We hope to see you soon. Vosotros esperis Vosotros esperis al bebà © para agosto. You expect the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperan Ellos esperan lluvia esta tarde. They expect rain this afternoon. Preterite Indicative The preterite tense is used to talk about events that happened in the past and have been completed. Yo esperà © Yo esperà © el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I waited for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperaste Tà º esperaste a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You waited for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperà ³ Ella esperà ³ triunfar en la competencia. She hoped to succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperamos Nosotros esperamos verte pronto. We hoped to see you soon. Vosotros esperasteis Vosotros esperasteis al bebà © para agosto. You expected the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaron Ellos esperaron lluvia esta tarde. They expected rain this afternoon. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about actions in the past that were ongoing or repeated, and it can be translated to English as was waiting or used to wait. Yo esperaba Yo esperaba el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I used to wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperabas Tà º esperabas a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You used to wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperaba Ella esperaba triunfar en la competencia. She was hopingto succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperbamos Nosotros esperbamos verte pronto. We were hopingto see you soon. Vosotros esperabais Vosotros esperabais al bebà © para agosto. You were expecting the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaban Ellos esperaban lluvia esta tarde. They were expecting rain this afternoon. Future Indicative Yo esperarà © Yo esperarà © el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I will wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º esperars Tà º esperars a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You will wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella esperar Ella esperar triunfar en la competencia. She will hopeto succeed in the competition. Nosotros esperaremos Nosotros esperaremos verte pronto. We will hopeto see you soon. Vosotros esperarà ©is Vosotros esperarà ©is al bebà © para agosto. You will expect the baby in August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperarn Ellos esperarn lluvia esta tarde. They will expect rain this afternoon. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is sometimes called the near future and is translated to English as going to verb. Yo voy a esperar Yo voya esperar el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. I am going to wait for the bus in the morning. Tà º vasa esperar Tà º vasa esperar a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. You aregoing to wait for your friend at the airport. Usted/à ©l/ella va a esperar Ella vaa esperar triunfar en la competencia. She isgoing to hopeto succeed in the competition. Nosotros vamosa esperar Nosotros vamosa esperar verte pronto. We aregoing to hopeto see you soon. Vosotros vaisa esperar Vosotros vaisa esperaral bebà © para agosto. You aregoing to expect the baby for August. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana esperar Ellos vana esperar lluvia esta tarde. They aregoing to expect rain this afternoon. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The verb form that ends in -ing in English is called the gerund or present participle in Spanish. It is often used to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. Present Progressive ofEsperar est esperando Ella est esperando triunfar en la competencia. She is expecting to succeed in the competition. Past Participle In Spanish, the past participle usually ends in -ado or -ido, and is used to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Present Perfect of Esperar ha esperado Ella ha esperado triunfar en la competencia. She has expected to succeed in the competition. Esperar Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities, and is usually translated to English as would verb. Yo esperarà ­a Yo esperarà ­a el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana si me despertara temprano. I would wait for the bus in the morning if I were to wake up early . Tà º esperarà ­as Tà º esperarà ­as a tu amigo en el aeropuerto si te viniera a visitar. You would wait for your friend at the airport if he came to visit you. Usted/à ©l/ella esperarà ­a Ella esperarà ­a triunfar en la competencia, pero no es optimista. She would hopeto succeed in the competition, but she is not optimistic. Nosotros esperarà ­amos Nosotros esperarà ­amos verte pronto, pero sabemos que es complicado. We would hopeto see you soon, but we know it is complicated. Vosotros esperarà ­ais Vosotros esperarà ­ais al bebà © para agosto si lo dijera el doctor. You would expect the baby in August if the doctor said so. Ustedes/ellos/ellas esperarà ­an Ellos esperarà ­an lluvia esta tarde si el pronà ³stico lo indicara. They would expect rain this afternoon if the forecast were to indicate it. Esperar Present Subjunctive Que yo espere Mi madre sugiere que yo espere el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggests that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperes Marta pide que tà º esperes a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asks that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella espere El entrenador recomienda que ella espere triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommends that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros esperemos Erica desea que nosotros esperemos verte pronto. Erica wishes that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperà ©is El mà ©dico recomienda que vosotros esperà ©is al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommends that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperen El meteorà ³logo sugiere que ellos esperen lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggests that they expect rain this afternoon. Esperar Imperfect Subjunctive There are two different ways for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. The first option below is more common. Option 1 Que yo esperara Mi madre sugerà ­a que yo esperara el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggested that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperaras Marta pidià ³ que tà º esperaras a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asked that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella esperara El entrenador recomendaba que ella esperara triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommended that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros esperramos Erica deseaba que nosotros esperramos verte pronto. Erica wished that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperarais El mà ©dico recomendà ³ que vosotros esperarais al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommended that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperaran El meteorà ³logo sugirià ³ que ellos esperaran lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggested that they expect rain this afternoon. Option 2 Que yo esperase Mi madre sugerà ­a que yo esperase el autobà ºs por la maà ±ana. My mother suggested that I wait for the bus in the morning. Que tà º esperases Marta pidià ³ que tà º esperases a tu amigo en el aeropuerto. Marta asked that you wait for your friend at the airport. Que usted/à ©l/ella esperase El entrenador recomendaba que ella esperase triunfar en la competencia. The coach recommended that she hope to succeed in the competition. Que nosotros espersemos Erica deseaba que nosotros espersemos verte pronto. Erica wished that we hope to see you soon. Que vosotros esperaseis El mà ©dico recomendà ³ que vosotros esperaseis al bebà © para agosto. The doctor recommended that you expect the baby in August. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas esperasen El meteorà ³logo sugirià ³ que ellos esperasen lluvia esta tarde. The meteorologist suggested that they expect rain this afternoon. Esperar Imperative The imperative mood is used to give commands, and it has both positive and negative forms. Positive Commands Tà º espera  ¡Espera a tu amigo en el aeropuerto! Wait for your friend at the airport! Usted espere  ¡Espere triunfar en la competencia! Hope to succeed in the competition! Nosotros esperemos  ¡Esperemos verte pronto! Let's hope to see you soon! Vosotros esperad  ¡Esperad al bebà © para agosto! Expect the baby in August! Ustedes esperen  ¡Esperen lluvia esta tarde! Expect rain this afternoon! Negative Commands Tà º no esperes  ¡No esperes a tu amigo en el aeropuerto! Don't wait for your friend at the airport! Usted no espere  ¡No espere triunfar en la competencia! Don't hope to succeed in the competition! Nosotros no esperemos  ¡No esperemos verte pronto! Let's not hope to see you soon! Vosotros no esperà ©is  ¡No esperà ©is al bebà © para agosto! Don't expect the baby in August! Ustedes no esperen  ¡No esperen lluvia esta tarde! Don't expect rain this afternoon!

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding

Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding How to Measure Deadrise Deadrise is measured two ways, by a linear measurement like inches or centimeters and by expressing it as an angle. Let’s look at the angular measurement first. Looking at the cross section of a hull, draw a vertical line through the center of the vessel to the bottom of the keel. The top of this vertical line should be even with the chine, which is where the hull meets the topsides. Now draw a horizontal line which intersects both sides of the chine and the top of the vertical line you drew before. You should now have a 90-degree angle formed by the vertical and horizontal lines. Draw one more line from the point where your horizontal line meets the chine to the bottom of your vertical line at the bottom center of the keel. The triangle you formed is made up of three angles. Deadrise expressed as an angle is the measurement in degrees of the bottom of the triangle. To Calculate in Linear Terms   To calculate deadrise in linear terms you will use the same triangle as above but now you will be using a ratio to express the deadrise. Much like the roof of a building, deadrise in linear terms is written as inches per foot. First, determine the number of inches from the 90-degree angle of the triangle along the horizontal leg to the chine. Next, determine the measurement in feet from the bottom of the keel to the 90-degree angle of the triangle. Take the results and write then as inches/foot. A Measurement at a Single Point on a Vessel’s Hull Deadrise is only a measurement at a single point on a vessel’s hull. Construction plans will note the deadrise at regular intervals along the length of the hull. Since deadrise is a measurement based on the position of the chine it is possible to have complex expressions of deadrise because of multi-chine and planning hulls. If you are asked to measure deadrise you should be given a point to make your measurement. For example; deadrise at 20 feet from the bow, or deadrise at rear bulkhead. Alternate Spellings Dead Rise Common Misspellings Dead Rise The Transition From Chine to Keel One way to make a quick assessment of the purpose and ride quality of a vessel is to view the stern from the rear so you can see the transition from chine to keel. If its a sharp V shape below the water means the ride will be smooth but the ship may wallow back and forth ferries and riverboats have this design so they can operate in both directions without turning around.   If the deadrise is shallow or flat at the stern the vessel will not have much roll or wallow but it will slap into the surface with each wave. A V shape allows a smooth transition while a shallower deadrise causes a sudden impact with each wave. The flat design has less drag and therefore is found on cargo ships and other low drag vessels. Cushion effect can be a problem for some heavily loaded cargo ships in shallow waters like canals. A rolled, or soft, chine means the vessel is meant to lean and roll smoothly. This is true of most sail-powered vessels where there is a counterweight in a deep keel. Take a look at all kinds of common hull shapes to understand more about their uses. The definition of draft will also be useful when learning about naval architecture.

SWOT Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWOT Analysis - Assignment Example Locked into lower voltages due to interchangeable battery systems Opportunities: Can diversify into other product lines Can leverage position in Japanese and US markets to expand into various other markets across the world New technology manufacturing plants ensures low costs at manufacturing end thus allowing cost of end product to be low but without compromising on quality Can introduce higher voltages and consolidate position as innovator in the market Threats: Position in US market may be reversed due to dependence on currency exchange rates which may turn unfavourable Risks losing the opportunity to be proactive about higher voltages, by waiting for the rest of the players in the market Becomes reactive and may lose the current edge in the market if competitors come out with higher voltages first Imports from Far East may diversify into professional tools at a much lower cost for the same quality S&W - Minimising weaknesses and threats: The first step is to phase out the older technology at manufacturing plants and replace it with newer, more efficient technology. This will lead to reduction in costs - both manufacturing and labour. A solution to the high pricing issues will result from this move. The newer technology will be leaner, thus streamlining the company and making it quick to react to changes in he market. Innovation and diversification into other technologies will be required to maintain market leader status. Change in attitude towards distributors is needed to convince them that the company is not abusing its market leader position. S&W - Maximising strengths and opportunities: The multi national presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross... The multi national presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross promotion implies less spent on advertising. These savings can be sunk in R&D for innovation and developing new products. A step-by-step replacement of the old interchangeable battery systems is required so that Makatume is in a position to bring in newer higher voltages. A change in strategy is needed so as to avoid depending on the currency rate for a favourable market position. The company needs to be proactive and take a decision about higher voltage so as to avoid losing the edge they have in the market. Makatume must innovate and diversify into other products as soon as possible to avoid losing the share they have captured in the professional tools segment. An expansion in markets in other countries is also advisable to consolidate the market leader position. By introducing higher voltages, Makatume stands to become an innovative market leader. Assuming Makatume's point of view, having captured large shares in the Japanese and US markets, I would be proactive and launch the higher voltages. But I would do this in a phased manner so as not to lose the customers that Makatume already has. By doing so, Makatume would be perceived as an innovator which would add to the value of the brand.

Issues of Freedom and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues of Freedom and Power - Essay Example Economic freedom- Knights of labor Knights of labor, a major labor union during the 1860 hold a significant role in the evolution of economic rights in the United States. The formation of Knights of labor was the first efforts in the national labor organization because it was among the first labor unions to rally its members behind a goal. Nonetheless, the Knights of labor were a secret union characterized with less political pressure on its members. Uriah Stevens was the founder of the Knights of Labor, with many of his followers being Irish immigrant who were mainly Catholics. As a labor union, the Knights of labors enrolled members in various states to champion for improved rights of workers. Formed at a time when the United States repressed freedom of expression, the Knights of Labor worked in secrecy often recruiting its members using oaths and rituals. The main thrust of Knights of labor was to advocate for better economic reforms in their industries. At a time, when most of the immigrant received little pay and poor working conditions, the Knight of Labor became the ultimate vehicle to push for meaningful economic reforms. While the Knights of Labor avoided using industrial action, some of its members in states like Chicago were ready to strike. In 1886, about 80,000 people marched through Chicago supporting an eight-hour work shift. The long working hours were one of the main reasons that prompted the demonstration by members of Knight of Labor. This ignited confrontations between the Knights of Labor and the police who wanted to maintain law and order. In a social perspective, the Knight of Labor represented a growing awareness of rights among the workers. For instance, the call for an eight-hour work shift displayed a growing interest in social welfare among the workers.ii Most important, the meeting and demonstration among the workers guild indicated that rising level of social empowerment among the workers. Largely, the Knight of Labor has achieved many social gains because of its transformation from a secret labor to expressing its interest in various cities. Knight of Labor also championed for an end to child labor, a phenomenon that had characterized the American Labor environment. The political manifestation of 1960 would be incomplete without mention Knight of labor. Within the Knight Labor, there were some groups with interest to take control of the union. After leading a series of strikes, the government sentenced Albert Parson to death. This event made Lucy Parson seek ways of saving men that the government had convicted for deaths during strike. After visiting Europe in 1888, Lucy returned back American expressing new optimism in labor movements as she addressed workers and pressurized the state to create more projects in order to employ people. Political freedom (Progressivism- muckrakers and reform) The political freedom in the United States is a product of struggles that defined and helped create meaningful political reforms. With growing interest for political reforms, a group of Journalist joined hands to highlight on the wrongs of government through the literary works, which they published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening post McClure’

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay Based on George Orwells Animal Farm a utopian society can not be achieved. A perfect world is impossible to achieve because you will always get someone who takes charge and overrules the people. In the book the animals successfully rebel from the owner of the farm, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion as a whole the animals set up some rules and commandments. At this point the animals feel that they have created a utopia, or a perfect world. They feel they can work hard for a while and then be rewarded with retirement. Eventually there becomes a superior group of animals that convince the rest of the animals that they are of higher intelligence. With this in mind they then told them that the elite group, the pigs, deserved more of the delicacies such as milk and apples. The pigs declared that these foods increased their abilities to do the brain work. The pigs also take over the house and begin to adopt many of the evil habits of man. In reality the pigs forced the other animals in to doing all of the manual labor so that they could reap the benefits solely for themselves. This is the sole reason that a utopian society can not be achieved. The pigs, or higher forms of government can only hold the respect of the people for so long until they eventually go back to the old ways, and the utopia is demolished.

The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially. The Count of Monte Christo :: essays research papers The Count of Monte Christo I want to introduce you to, â€Å"The Count of Monte Christo,† by Alexandre Dumas. It is a story that starts as a love story that turns to betrayal and revenge. The Count of Monte Christo is set in France about 1804 in a large city. There was confusion to who led France, King Louis or Napoleon. France was divided by the two ruling parties. The main character is Edmond Dantes. He did many things in this story. He was a sailor, a lover, a friend, a captain, and a prisoner. Edmond was a tall, skinny black haired man in his twenties. When he was on the boat Pharon, the captain died and he was promoted to captain. When they return, he was convicted of treason and put into prison. Edmond was betrayed by the jealousy of his friends. His shipmate, Danglars, really wanted to be captain. Ferdinad wanted to marry Edmonds’ girl friend, Mercedes. Danglars and Ferdinand wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. On his wedding day, Edmond was arrested and taken before a deputy named Villefort. Edmond was secretly imprisoned in the deepest dungeons of the Chateau D'If. There Dantes' imprisonment was secured by the plotting of his enemies outside the prison, particularly towards Villefort, who wanted to cover up his own father's connections with the Bonapartists. Dantes spent 14 years in prison. While in prison, he was determined to escape and began digging a tunnel to hoping that he would escape. While digging his tunnel, he met an old inmate named Abbe Faria. The old man taught Edmond history, mathematics, and languages. In Edmond's fourteenth year, Faria became very ill. The old man told Edmond where to find a massive buried fortune. When Faria finally did die, his body was placed in a burial sac. Edmond hid in Faria’s body sac. The jailers threw the sack into the sea which allowed Dantes to escape. Dantes recovered the buried treasure and became extremely wealthy. He returned as the mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. He was slowly plotting to get even with the four men who had caused him to be sent to the Chateau D'If. Ferdinand had married Mercedes and was now the Count de Morcef. Monte Cristo released information to the press that proved that Morcef is a traitor, and Morcef is ruined socially.

How Influential Is Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate has a great influence over our lives. All our normal everyday actions are harmonizing to the clime we are populating in. However the clime has been altering from past few decennaries, which in bend is altering our life forms and therefore, has made this universe a more at a loss topographic point to populate in. In this essay the causes of clime alteration would be discussed, which are divided into two classs, either the clime is altering due to natural grounds or is forced to alter by the human activities. Naturally, the clime alteration is said to happen because of assorted grounds, chiefly because of volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the solar fluctuations, the Earth ‘s orbital alteration, and by many other natural grounds, which in bend produces assorted nursery gasses and in the terminal consequences into planetary heating. On the other manus, C emanation done by worlds is the greatest factor taking to planetary heating and so to climate alteration. Other activities like, chemicals used in agribusiness, deforestation and other utilizations of energy in families besides contribute in the nursery consequence. Literature Reappraisal: Definitions: Climate can be defined as the long term conditions conditions for a part, by and large determined by 30 or more old ages of records. On contrast conditions can be defined as the province of the ambiance at a peculiar topographic point and clip. Furthermore, the Green House consequence is of course in which certain atmospheric gases absorbs long wave radiation from the Earth ‘s surface which in the terminal consequences in heating the Earth ‘s surface and the ambiance. Hence planetary heating can be defined as the addition of Earth ‘s mean temperature which in so consequences into climate alteration. ( Glossary: National aeronautics and space administration ) . The Argument: There is no uncertainty about the fact that the Earth ‘s clime has become heater over the 20th century, nevertheless, there is still a difference about whether the temperature addition is due to natural grounds or because of human activities. Two groups of UK scientists have late investigated both types of consequence. Mike Lockwood and co-workers at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ) argue that the Sun ‘s magnetic field has doubled over the century, and that this natural force of solar system has affected the Earth ‘s clime ( NatureA 399:437 ) . On the other manus Simon Tett and co-workers from the UK ‘s Meteorological Office in Reading and RAL argue that while solar forcing may hold added to climate alteration, nevertheless, human activities have besides been responsible for the temperature alterations from many old ages ( NatureA 399:569 ) . It has been stated that the Earth ‘s mean planetary temperature has increased by 0.6 Kelvin in the past 100 old ages. Four chief procedures that can impact the Earth ‘s clime have been evaluated. Two of these are said to be little aerosol atoms from volcanic eruptions and alterations in solar brightness. The other two, sulfate aerosols and nursery gases such as C dioxide, are due to increasing industrialisation, in peculiar the combustion of woods and fossil fuels. Lockwood and co-workers found that the entire magnetic flux go forthing the Sun has risen by a factor of 1.4 since 1964. Their consequences could supply support for the theory that changes in the solar air current could lend toA clime alteration. The solar air current and the Sun ‘s magnetic field are really good linked with each other. Harmonizing to the theory charged atoms in the solar air current would debar high-energy cosmic beams that would otherwise hold ionized the Earth ‘s lower ambiance, taking to the formation of clouds. Since cloud screen determines the sum of solar radiation reflected by the Earth back into infinite, a more powerful solar air current implies less cloud screen which, in bend, suggests that the Earth would warm up. However, the paper by Tett and co-workers suggests that natural effects entirely can non account for the form of temperature alteration observed over the past 50 old ages. They used the HadCM2 computing machine theoretical account to foretell the Earth ‘s planetary temperature during five overlapping 50-year periods ( 1906-56, 1916-1966, ) , and so compared the consequences with observations. The plan theoretical accounts both the oceans and the ambiance, and besides allows for alterations in nursery emanations, surface reflective power ( i.e. coefficient of reflection ) , volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance. They ran the coders with a figure of different solar theoretical accounts, including one that matched the effects highlighted by Lockwood. The consequences were similar for all instances: it is non possible to separate between th e parts of human activity and natural fluctuations to planetary heating in the first half of the century, but after 1946 additions in the concentration of semisynthetic nursery gases and sulfate aerosols was the dominant consequence. ( Newss: Physics World, 1999 ) Climate Change – Human Activities the Cause, Mea Culpa! But Consider 1816, the Year Without Summer! The whole universe seems to be acquiring involved with the facts of Global heating and Climate alteration. Nobel awards were awarded to the UN ‘s IPCC ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) and Al Gore several old ages ago, followed by the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change Conference of 1997, and eventually President Obama led leaders of 192 states in understanding with its rules, assuring heavy fiscal compensations to 3rd universe states. Scientists have calculated that emanations of C dioxide by human activities sum to possibly 30 billion dozenss per twelvemonth because of assorted factors including fossil fuel combustion, cement production, gas flaring, industrial operations and take a breathing etc. They besides estimate that volcanic eruptions can on mean emit about one-forty-five to two-fifty-five million dozenss of C dioxide into the ambiance per twelvemonth. This seems to stipulate that human activities may let go of possibly 100 times the sum of C dioxide emitted by vents, therefore, this seems to be a realistic base for the cosmopolitan concern, which is that human activities have a great negative impact on the clime of Earth. However, it seems like that nature itself is seeking to do things worse as foremost acknowledging fad at Copenhagen by universe leaders and President Obama in support of Global Warming so along came the coldest winter in recent decennaries. Then eventually when Obama ‘s EPA poised to impose terrible pollutant limitations and rough fiscal punishments on American industry, a volcanic eruption in Iceland devastated the air-transport industry by shuting down about all flights over Europe for a hebdomad, which led to ruining major air hoses, with absent bail-outs by authoritiess. The major natural calamities: the recent eruption of Iceland ‘s Eyjafjallajokull vent along with many other including Krakatau, temblors, tsunamis, hurricanes, or cyclical changing of ambiance of ocean, should be adequate to warn decisio n-makers about clime alteration effects. After sing the incident of the Iceland vent eruption, other than man-kind activities in the mention to planetary heating and clime alteration seems warranted. The summer of 1816 is considered to be one of the coldest on record which is studied by many conditions scientists. The twelvemonth is known as the â€Å" Year without a summer † . It is besides known as the â€Å" Poverty Year † , due to widespread devastation of harvests. Severe clime oddness during the summer destroyed harvests in Northern Europe, Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, and mean planetary temperature lessening was sufficient plenty to do many agricultural failures around the universe. The most likely cause of the terrible clime alteration seems hence, to be the volcanic influences because greatly increased volcanic activity causes huge sums of ash and dust to be blown and trapped high in the ambiance, which in bend cause increased contemplation o f solar radiation ( alternatively of soaking up at the Earth ‘s surface ) , ensuing in globally reduced temperatures on Earth. Therefore human activities seem minor and undistinguished relation to the power of Nature. ( Kolom ) How do we cognize that atmospheric build-up of green house gases is due to human activities? Four lines of grounds prove once and for all that the recent buildup of C dioxide take topographic point mostly from human activities. The karyon of C atoms in C dioxide released by firing coal, oil, and natural gas ( fossil fuels ) vary in their features from the karyon of C atoms in C dioxide emitted under natural conditions. Tens of 1000000s of old ages ago, coal, oil, and natural gas were formed, and the part of their karyon, that was one time radioactive, has long ago changed to non- radioactive C. However the C dioxide released from natural beginnings on the Earth ‘s surface holds a mensurable radioactive part. As C dioxide has been emitted through fossil fuel burning, the radioactive fraction of C in the ambiance has decreased. Forty old ages ago scientists provided the first direct grounds that combustion of fossil fuels was doing a buildup of C dioxide and therefore cut downing radioactive C in the ambiance by mensurating the diminishing part of radioactive carbon-14 c aptured in tree rings, each twelvemonth between 1800 and 1950. Furthermore, scientists began doing accurate measurings of the entire sum of C dioxide in the ambiance in any states by late fiftiess. Their informations show convincingly that the degrees of C dioxide have increased each twelvemonth worldwide and these additions are reliable with other estimations of the rise of C dioxide emanations due to human activity over this period. In 1980, 3rd grounds was added that the ice buried below the surface of the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps contains bubbles of air trapped when the ice originally formed. These samples of fossil air have been retrieved by boring deep into the ice. Measurements from the youngest and most shallow sections of the ice nucleuss produced C dioxide consciousness to those that were measured straight in the ambiance at the clip the ice formed. But the older parts of the nucleuss show that C dioxide sums were approximately 25 % lower than today for the 10 thou sand old ages old to the oncoming of industrialisation. The concluding grounds comes from the geographic form of C dioxide measured in air. Observations show that there is somewhat more C dioxide in the Northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The difference arises because most of the human activities that produce C dioxide are in the North and it takes about a twelvemonth for northern hemispheric emanations to go around through the ambiance and make southern latitudes. ( Programme, 1997 ) Discussion: The argument on clime alteration is as what truly caused the clime to change with clip and which affected us adversely. Some say that clime is changed by natural factors like ocean currents or vents while others deny this fact and seek to turn out the point that human activities have forced the clime to alter. I support the 2nd sentiment, human activities so made the clime to alter and ensue into planetary heating. The concentration of Carbon dioxide in the ambiance has increased from 290ppm in 1880 to 352ppm in 1989 which can be concluded as the 20 % addition. This addition is about surely a consequence of human activities ( Ruddiman,2003 ) . There has been seen a sufficient addition in the emanation of Greenhouse gases due to human activities. For illustration methane has an estimated rate of emanation from human activity on the planet which is 375 million dozenss per twelvemonth. For C dioxide, there is besides an estimated rate of emanation from human activity which is 7100 million dozenss per twelvemonth. The anthropogenetic emanations of these two gases are easier to gauge, because we know about how much oil, coal, and natural gas worlds produce for ingestion around the universe each twelvemonth. We besides know about how much wood is burned and converted to agriculture each twelvemonth. Harmonizing to ‘The province of the environment ‘ published in 1991 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, human activities emit about 68 million tones of N oxides, 99 million dozenss of S oxides, 177 million dozenss of C monoxide, and 57 million tones of particulates ( dust ) . However, all these Numberss are really approximative. On the other manus, S oxides have been found to somewhat antagonize the nursery consequence caused by other gases. Still, sulfur oxides are really harmful to the environment and are best known for doing acerb rain. Carbon monoxide does n't lend to the nursery consequence, but has important effects on atmospheric chemical science. Dust is by and large thought to chill the atmosphere close to Earth ‘s surface, but this consequence depends on assorted factors, including the size and colour of the dust atoms. ( Davis, 2004 ) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific organic structure set up by the UN to look at clime alteration. It says that human activity is the chief cause of the alterations seen in clime. Recent studies from theA IPCC have concluded that most of the ascertained addition in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century isA really likelyA due to the ascertained addition inA anthropogenetic nursery gasA concentrations. â€Å" From new estimations of the combined anthropogenicA forcingA due to greenhouse gases, A aerosols, andA land surface alterations, it isA highly likelyA that human activities have exerted a significant net warming influence on clime since 1750. † ( Uk governement ‘s digital service: DirectGov ) The most of import factor for the clime alteration is the rushing up of nursery consequence by manmade activities, which is normally known as Global Warming. Basically, the Greenhouse consequence is of course caused by the emanations of gases like azotic oxide, carbon-dioxide, methane, ozone and H2O vapor.A However, anthropogenetic activities like firing the fossil fuels and deforestation makes the nursery consequence stronger. Which means more heat is trapped and the Earth ‘s clime begins to alter unnaturally. The fossil fuels ( coal, oil and natural gas ) are burned for assorted human activities chiefly used for transit, fabrication, warming, chilling, electricity coevals etc. this can be summed up after the industrial revolution, in eighteenth century, and more of the fossil fuels were being burned often. Therefore, manmade gases were being emitted into the ambiance, largely in the signifier of C dioxide emanations, from the combustion activity. These gases speed up the nursery consequence, coercing the clime to alter. Another factor forced the clime to alter and resulted into planetary heating is the act of deforestation. A Deforestation increases the sum of carbon-dioxide in the ambiance. Besides, due to the disappearing of trees, photosynthesis can non take topographic point which lowers the O degree in the ambiance. Deforestation is rampant today due to the addition in human civilisation. The degrees of deforestation have increased by approximately nine per centum in recent times. Furthermore, the combustion of wood besides causes it to disintegrate, hence let go ofing more carbon-dioxide into the ambiance, and carbon-dioxide being the chief perpetrator in planetary heating additions. Another semisynthetic cause of the addition in the Green house consequence due to the emanation of such gases is the usage of any electrical contraptions. Even the icebox in the house emits gases which contribute to the Greenhouse consequence. These gases are known as Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and are used in iceboxs, aerosol tins, and some bubbling agents in the packaging industry, fire extinguisher chemicals and cleaners used in the electronic industry. Some procedures of the cement fabrication industries besides act as a cause towards the Greenhouse effect.A Population growing besides is an indirect subscriber and one of the causes of the Greenhouse consequence. With the addition in population, the demands and wants of the people addition. Therefore, this increases the fabrication processes every bit good as the industry processes. This consequences in the addition of the release of industrial gases which catalyze the green house consequence. The addition in population besides consequences in the addition of agricultural procedures. Most semisynthetic machines, like the car besides contribute to the green house consequence. In one of the recent articles planetary heating has been linked with the recent natural catastrophes. As about 14 million people have been affected by the torrential rains in Pakistan, A doing it a more serious human-centered catastrophe than the South Asian tsunami and recent temblors in Kashmir and Haiti combined. The catastrophe was driven by a ‘supercharged jet watercourse ‘ that has besides caused inundations in China and a drawn-out heat moving ridge in Russia. Which comes after brassy inundations in France and Eastern Europe killed more than 30 people over the summer. Jean-Pascal new wave Ypersele, vice-president of the organic structure set up by the UN to supervise planetary heating, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , said the ‘dramatic ‘ conditions forms are consistent with alterations in the clime caused by world. â€Å" These are events which reproduce and intensify in a clime disturbed by nursery gas pollution, † he sa id, â€Å" Extreme events are one of the ways in which climatic alterations become dramatically seeable. † Professor Andrew Watson, a climatologist at the University of East Anglia, which was at the Centre of last twelvemonth ‘s ‘climate gate ‘ dirt, said the utmost events are â€Å" reasonably consistent with the IPCC studies and what 99 per cent of the scientists believe to be go oning † . â€Å" I ‘m quite sure that the increased frequence of these sorts of summers over the last few decennaries is linked to climate alteration, † he said. ( Gray ) However, writers such asA Lean and Rind ( 1996 ) A believe that, although natural factors may be the ground for most temperature addition before the Industrial Revolution, ‘ the most likely cause of clime alteration since about 1850†¦ is the turning concentration of nursery gases as the net atmospheric temperature addition, or ‘forcing ‘ is mostly due to human ( anthropogenetic ) activities.Interestingly, particulate emanations from vents produce a net lessening in planetary temperatures, due to the brooding belongingss ( reflective power ) of the sulphate aerosol atoms formed in the stratosphere. ( Bianchi, 2010 ) Decision: The Earth ‘s clime is dynamic and ever altering through a natural rhythm but the anthropogenetic activities make this rhythm speed up unnaturally that create jobs in the ambiance as either the Earth gets curiously warmer or the people have to confront natural catastrophes. However if adult male has created all these jobs, he should besides seek to do things better by happening practical solutions.

Boyz in D Hood

A Stereotypical Black Woman: Single Mother’s Roles in Boyz in D Hood The movie chronicles the story of a Black American boy named Tre and his friends in an all Black community. He and his friends grew up aspiring to become someone in the society. Both are raised by single parents: Tre by his father and Ricky by his mother. While Tre’s father is portrayed in a positive way, the mothers (both Tre’s and Ricky’s) were portrayed in the most traditional ways as pointed out by Professor Michele Wallace.Women are portrayed in their traditional roles which are very limiting especially in an era where women empowerment has already been advocated. These traditional roles include being a housewife, taking care of children, cooking, cleaning the house, serving food for guests. In other words, women are still constrained in their domestic roles. For instance, Ricky’s mother is seen only inside the house. She occasionally goes outside but only on the front door to remind her children before they leave for school.In particular, she is seen in the party cooking, taking care of guests, and serving food. She is restricted to this kind of role and nothing else. At the same time, Tre’s mother is also portrayed as a stereotypical woman. Although she is not portrayed in her domestic roles, she is portrayed as someone who is a subordinate to her husband, Tre’s father Furious. This is because she had to surrender his son to him when she felt that she is not capable of raising him the right way.When she wanted to bring Tre back and Furious refused, she succumbed to that. She has to accept that it is Furious, the husband, who has the last say when it comes to their son. This means that the only role that a woman is allowed in this film is her domestic role. In any case that she defy this role, then she will be alienated with all her happiness such as the presence and love of a son in case of Tre’s mother.

Morgans Raid in the Civil War

Morgans Raid in the Civil War Morgans Raid - Conflict Dates: Morgans Raid was conducted from June 11 to July 26, 1863 during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Ambrose Burnsideapprox. 40,000 men Confederates Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan2,462 men Morgans Raid - Background: In late spring 1863, with Union troops conducting the Siege of Vicksburg and General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia embarking on the Gettysburg Campaign, General Braxton Bragg sought to distract enemy forces in Tennessee and Kentucky. To accomplish this, he turned to Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, Morgan had proven himself a capable cavalry leader during the early part of the war and had led several effective raids into the Union rear. Assembling a select force of 2,462 men and a battery of light artillery, Morgan received orders from Bragg directing him to attack through Tennessee and Kentucky. Morgans Raid - Tennessee: Though he happily accepted these orders, Morgan harbored a desire to carry the war into the North by invading Indiana and Ohio. Aware of his subordinates aggressive nature, Bragg strictly forbade him to cross the Ohio River as he did not wish Morgans command to be lost. Assembling his men at Sparta, TN, Morgan rode out on June 11, 1863. Operating in Tennessee, his forces began moving towards Kentucky late in the month after Major General William Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland began its Tullahoma Campaign. Seeking to aid Bragg by disrupting Rosecrans supply lines, Morgan crossed the Cumberland River on June 23 and entered Kentucky on July 2. Morgans Raid - Kentucky: After camping between Campbellsville and Columbia on the night of July 3, Morgan planned to push north and cross the Green River at Tebbs Bend the next day. Moving out, he found that the bend was guarded five companies of the 25th Michigan Infantry which had constructed earthworks in the area. Attacking eight times through the day, Morgan was unable to overwhelm the Union defenders. Falling back, he shifted south before crossing the river at Johnson Ford. Riding north, the Confederates attacked and captured Lebanon, KY on July 5. Though Morgan captured around 400 prisoners in the fighting, he was crushed with his younger brother, Lieutenant Thomas Morgan, was killed. Advancing towards Louisville, Morgans raiders fought several skirmishes with Union troops and local militia. Reaching Springfield, Morgan dispatched a small force to the northeast in an attempt to confuse the Union leadership as to his intentions. This detachment was later captured at New Pekin, IN before it could rejoin the main column. With the enemy off balance, Morgan led his main body northwest through Bardstown and Garnettsville before reaching the Ohio River at Brandenburg. Entering the town, the Confederates captured two riverboats, John B. McCombs and Alice Dean. In direct violation of his orders from Bragg, Morgan began moving his command across the river on July 8. Morgans Raid - Indiana: Landing east of Mauckport, the raiders drove off a force of Indiana militia before burning Alice Dean and sending John B. McCombs downstream. As Morgan began moving north into the heart of Indiana, the states governor, Oliver P. Morton, frantically put a call out for volunteers to oppose the invaders. While militia units quickly formed, the commander of the Department of the Ohio, Major General Ambrose Burnside, moved to shift Union forces to cut off Morgans lines of retreat south. Advancing up the Maukport Road, Morgan overwhelmed a force of Indiana militia at the Battle of Corydon on July 9. Entering the town, Morgan paroled the militiamen before seizing supplies. Morgans Raid - Ohio: Turning east, the raiders passed through Vienna and Dupont before arriving at Salem. There they burned the railroad depot, rolling stock, as well as two railroad bridges. Looting the town, Morgans men took cash and supplies before departing. Pressing on, the column entered Ohio at Harrison on July 13. That same day Burnside declared martial in Cincinnati to the south. Despite recent celebrations in response to the Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Morgans raid caused widespread panic and fear across Indiana and Ohio. Passing through Springdale and Glendale, Morgan remained to the north of Cincinnati in an effort to avoid Burnsides men. Continuing east, Morgan dashed across southern Ohio with the goal of reaching West Virginia and turning south into Confederate territory. To accomplish this, he intended to re-cross the Ohio River using the fords at Buffington Island, WV. Assessing the situation, Burnside correctly guessed Morgans intentions and directed Union forces to Buffington Island. As Union gunboats moved into position, columns led by Brigadier Generals Edward Hobson and Henry Judah marched to intercept the raiders. In an effort to block the ford prior to their arrival, Burnside dispatched a local militia regiment to the island. Reaching Buffington Island late on July 18, Morgan elected not to attack this force. Morgans Raid - Defeat Capture: This pause proved disastrous as Union forces arrived during the night. With Lieutenant Commander LeRoy Fitchs gunboats blocking the river, Morgan soon found his command nearly surrounded on a plain near Portland, OH. In the resulting Battle of Buffington Island, Union troops captured around 750 of Morgans men, including his executive officer, Colonel Basil Duke, and inflicted losses of 152 killed and wounded. Morgan was able to escape with around half of his men by slipping through some nearby woods. Fleeing north, he hoped to cross the river at an undefended ford near Belleville, WV. Arriving, around 300 men successfully crossed before Union gunboats arrived on the scene. While Morgan elected to remain in Ohio, Colonel Adam Stovepipe Johnson led the rest to safety. Reduced to around 400 men, Morgan turned inland and sought to escape his pursuers. Resting at Nelsonville, the Confederates burned boats along a local canal before riding northeast. Passing through Zanesville, Morgan still sought to cross into West Virginia. Pressed by Brigadier General James Shackelfords Union cavalry, the raiders were attacked at Salinesville, OH on July 26. Badly routed, Morgan lost 364 of men in the fighting. Escaping with a small party, he was captured later that day by Major George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry. Though many of his enlisted men were taken to Camp Douglas near Chicago, Morgan and his officers were incarcerated at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, OH. Morgans Raid - Aftermath: Though the entirety of his command was lost as a result of the raid, Morgan captured and paroled around 6,000 Union soldiers prior to his capture. In addition, his men disrupted Union rail operations across Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio while also burning 34 bridges. Despite being captured, Morgan and Duke felt the raid was a success as it allowed Bragg to retreat safely while tying down thousands of Union troops which otherwise could have reinforced Rosecrans. On November 27, Morgan and six of his officers successfully escaped from the Ohio Penitentiary and returned south. Though Morgans return was lauded by the Southern press, he was not received with open arms by his superiors. Angry that he had violated his orders to remain south of the Ohio, Bragg never fully trusted him again. Placed in command of Confederate forces in eastern Tennessee and southwest Virginia, Morgan attempted to rebuild the raiding force that he had lost during the 1863 campaign. In the summer of 1864, he was accused of robbing a bank in Mt. Sterling, KY. While some his men were involved, there is no evidence to suggest that Morgan played a role. While working to clear his name, Morgan and his men encamped at Greeneville, TN. On the morning of September 4, Union troops attacked the town. Taken by surprise, Morgan was shot and killed while attempting to escape from the attackers. Selected Sources Ohio History: Morgans RaidMorgans Men Association Connor Prairie: Morgans Raid

Gallium Spoon Tricks

Gallium Spoon Tricks Gallium is a shiny metal with one property in particular that makes it perfect for science tricks. This element melts just above room temperature (around 30Â °C or 86Â °F), so you can melt it in the palm of your hand, between your fingers, or in a cup of hot water. A classic set-up for gallium tricks is to make or purchase a spoon made from pure gallium. The metal has about the same weight and appearance as stainless steel, plus once you melt the spoon, you can reshape the gallium to use it again and again. Gallium Spoon Materials You need either gallium and a spoon mold or else a gallium spoon. Its a bit more expensive, but if you get the mold, you can make a spoon over and over. Otherwise, youll need to mold the metal by hand to re-use it as a spoon. The Mind-Bending Gallium Spoon Trick This is a classic magician trick in which the trickster rests a gallium spoon on a finger or else rubs it between two fingers, appears to concentrate, and bends the spoon with the power of his mind. Youve got a couple of ways to pull off this trick: Rest the spoon on a finger that you warmed up right before the trick. Easy ways to warm your hand are to hold a cup of hot tea or coffee or simply put your hand under your armpit briefly.Rub a section of the spoon between two fingers. Friction generates heat, which will soften the spoon. The weight of the spoon will cause it to bend. The Disappearing Spoon Trick If you stir a warm or hot cup of liquid with a gallium spoon, the metal melts almost immediately. The spoon disappears into a cup of dark liquid or pools visibly at the bottom of a cup of clear liquid. It behaves much like mercury (a metal that is liquid at room temperature), but gallium is safe to handle. I dont recommend drinking the liquid, though. Gallium isnt particularly toxic, but its not edible.

History of Mathematics High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Mathematics High School - Essay Example The rods are placed in columns with the rightmost column representing the units, the next column representing the tens, then the nest representing the hundreds, and so on. Red rods represent the positive numbers while black rods represent the negative numbers. For example, the number 25 will have a representation using the rods where 5 will be placed in the rightmost column and 2 will be placed in the next column. An empty column represents zero (Chinese Rod Numerals (Counting Rods)). The rods were carried in a pouch and placed on a counting board which had compartments corresponding to the ones, tens, hundreds place and so on. Each compartment was split into two parts. The right part is for the heng (1 to 9) rods and the left part was for the tsangs (10 to 90) rods. Whole numbers are represented by combining these two types of rods. After the rods were placed in their rightful compartments, they were then manipulated by repositioning and reforming them as required by the arithmetic operation. The first evidence of the existence of zero is from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotomia some 5,000 years ago (Wallin). This was in the form of cuneiform symbol for numbers where a slanted double wedge between two cuneiform symbols indicates an absence of a number or zero. Over time it became a positional notation form in the Babylonian Empire.

Homelessness in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homelessness in the United States - Essay Example In addition to this, the opinions about the appropriate salary of both the employer and employee do not coincide. Thus, young people are looking or a job but they cannot get through it. As a result it pushes them to work illegally, to commit a crime or to take drugs and at the end it results in poverty or housing problems. The main task of the government should be the creation of working places for young people in order to bring new ideas to our economy. Another one problem is that the world is facing a drug crisis. There are more young people becomes addicted today than ever before. There are three main types of drugs hard, soft and legal. They can all cause addiction, serious illness and even death. Hard drugs include heroin, cocaine, LSD. To soft drugs we relate marijuana, solvents, ecstasy. Tobacco, alcohol and certain tranquilizers are in the group of legal drugs (Drugs.ie). Thousands of drug-addicts die every year. Some die from drugs themselves, while others die from AIDS. Nev ertheless, those people are dangerous because they may infect others. In addition to this a problem of homelessness appeared. Such category of people includes those who cannot afford to pay a house rent, those who have no personal identification documents and so forth. In this occasion such people come to the street in search of free accommodation. Usually people may be frightened of them without understanding the background and as a result they will not help them. Moreover, the problem of criminality exists.  

Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marijuana - Research Paper Example The drug can be smoked just like cigarette or smoked through a long pipe (bong). It can also be placed in cigars emptied of tobacco (blunts) and sometimes mixed with other drugs (Bovasso, 2001). While two states have legalized its use and 20 other states accept its use for certain medical purposes, the federal government still holds on to its consideration of marijuana as schedule 1 drug, which is a drug with higher potential of abuse and no acceptable medicinal use or no prescribed safety use of the substance (Rey & Tennant, 2002). Marijuana is an addictive drug and the user will always tend to desire more and more of it, in the event that the users stops using the drug after a long term, the person shows signs that exhibited by any other drug. They include lack of sleep, irritability, decreased appetite, frequent anxiety and craving for more drugs. The physiological responses makes it difficult for the person to stop smoking (Pope & Yurelun, 1996). Problems associated with marijuana dependency includes motivational syndrome, memory impairment, weight gain, increased risk for cancer, lower sperm counts and lower testosterone levels for men, increased risk of infertility for women, psychological dependence requiring more of the drug to get the same effect. Marijuana serves as a barrier against self-awareness, and users may not be able to learn key developmental skills (Block & Ghoneim, 1993). Since 2008, primary admission of youth rehabilitation centers have registered steady increase of 20 percent out of which 68% are marijuana addicts. Even though there is no prescribed dosage for treating marijuana addiction, behavioral initiatives have been used effectively in almost all the situation to handle the problem, these includes cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational initiatives such as giving reward to victims who have managed

Growth And Change Management In Hyundai

Growth And Change Management In Hyundai One of South Koreas largest conglomerates Hyundai group displayed extraordinary growth ever since it was founded in 1947. The area of growth covered car manufacturing, ship building, construction work, electronics and finance related services. The growth pattern of Hyundai was directly linked to the reconstruction programs of South Korea after World War II and the Korean War and also the state led capitalism whose effect could be seen in the polarization of the corporate culture in the country and the increase in many more conglomerates. One of the major companys of Hyundai is the Hyundai Motor Company and is the fifth largest auto maker as per the latest survey. Its headquarters are in Seoul, South Korea (Kirk, 1994, pp213).Hyundai operates the worlds largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan and it is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The number of company employees is about 75,000 persons around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through around 6,000 dealerships and showrooms all over the world. The Hyundai logo, which is a slanted and stylized H, symbolizes the company shaking hands with its customer. The word Hyundai translates from the word modernity, and is pronounced as Hyon-dae in Korean. The Hyundai Motor Company was founded by Chung Ju Yung. The company vision Our team provides value for your future The company mission To pursue excellence and deliver cars that inspire, so you can live your life In 1947 Chung Ju Yung founded the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company. The year 1967 was the year in which the Hyundai Motor Company was established. The first model of the company was the Cortina, and it was released jointly with Ford Motor Company in 1968. In 1975, the first Korean car Pony was released. Its styling was by Giorgio Giugiaro of ItalDesign and possessed the powertrain technology provided by Japans Mitsubishi Motors. Exports started the following year to Ecuador and soon thereafter to the Benelux countries. The year 1991 saw the company succeed in developing its first proprietary gasoline engine, the four-cylinder Alpha, and transmission. This led to paving the way for technological independence.In 1983, Hyundai exported the Pony to Canada. This was not done in the United States as it didnt pass emissions standards there. The Canadian sales figures exceeded expectations completely. This was clearly seen when it was at one point the top selling car in the Canad ian market. The Pony afforded a much higher degree of quality and refinement in the lowest price auto segment when compared to the Eastern-bloc imports of the period which were available at that point of time. In 1986, Hyundai began to sell cars in the United States, and the Excel was nominated as Best Product 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ by the Fortune magazine. This was largely because of its affordability. The company began to produce models with its own technology in 1988. The beginning was with the midsize Sonata.In 1996, Hyundai Motors India Limited was started with a production plant in Irrungattukotai near Chennai in India.The year 1998 saw major changes happening in Hyundai as started to change its image in an attempt to establish itself as a world class brand. Chung Ju Yung transferred the reigns of Hyundai Motor to his son, Chung Mong Koo, this was in 1999. Hyundais parent company, Hyundai Motor Group, invested heavily. This investment was in quality, design, manufacturing, and future research of its vehicles. The addition of the 10-year or 100,000-mile warranty for cars sold in the United States showed an aggressive marketing related campaign.In 2004 a survey by JD Power and Associates Hy undai was ranked second in terms of initial quality. Currently, Hyundai is one of the top 100 most valuable brands worldwide. Hyundai has also been one of the official sponsors of the FIFA World Cup ever since 2002. Organization Culture and Structure The Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) was established under the leadership of Ju Young Chung backed by a unified and centralized management structure. He exercised the authoritarian style of leadership. The decision making process was carried out by the Chung family. The positive out of this was that such an ownership and structure gave Hyundai Motor Company the power to pursue the external agents and develop long term relationship with them. This was seen when Hyundai Motor Company entered into an alliance with Ford. The chairman refused to transfer his authority to Ford in any way (Russell, 2007, pp.57). The entire financial and personnel support was from HMCs mother company, the Hyundai Engineering Construction Company. This gave him the edge as it was also owned and managed by Ju Young Chung, and thus he could steer HMC in any way. An employee who worked with HMC from the year 1985 to 1996 said that not all executives are affiliated with the Chung family. He stated that they had a few talented professional managers. But the only this was that they never objected to any directions given by the chairman. To be more precise it was next to impossible to present any opinions with regard to anything different from that of Chungs. Anyone who disagreed or even said a word against Chungs decisions would and should be ready to be fired the very next day. He even went on to say that Hyundais entry to U.S. market was Chairman Chungs personal ambition leading the way. But in retrospect he also agreed that without Chungs drive, Hyundais entry into the U.S. market would have been delayed until and unless its technology was comparable to the Japanese or European automakers. Chungs mode of bulldozer leadership was effective and was clearly seen also with Hyundais success. After successfully leading Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) in order to gain entry in the North American market, Ju Young Chung handed over the reigns of the Hyundai group and Hyundai Motor Company to his younger brother, Se Young Chung. This was in the year 1987. The new leadership of HMC followed a very different organizational culture if compared to Ju Young Chungs time. The chairman made attempts to inspire HMC with the new thought process. This was harmonious human relations, autonomous management, responsibility management, and equal opportunity. Thus it drove out the previous emperor leadership concept by the delegation of responsibility as well as authority to the various professionals employed by the organization. This change led to a change in focus with regard to strategy. 1987-1988 Se Young Chung redesigned the HMC and the main aim was to improve the production efficiency which was done by shuffling or merging the various job related functions. The most noticed change in the o rganization chart was the conversion from a functional organization to a divisional organization. This aimed at providing efficient control and evaluation, developed motivation of the management, improved the ability to cope with market diversification and reduction of the cost. The democratization of Hyundai was affected by the political democratization movements in Korean society in the late 80s. This led to a series of labor versus management disputes. HMC was definitely not an exception. In 1996, Se Young Chung passed on his leadership to his son, Mong Kyu Chung. He inherited not only got the title but inherited the leadership style of his father. This allowed HMC to have a smooth transition with very little turmoil. He had a broader vision. He set up a brand new vision which was aimed at a position in the world top-10 automaker ranking in the 21st century and this was possible by occupying four percent of the world auto market. Thus, the primary strategic focus was placed on im proving of image of the brand and consumer satisfaction. This would be carried out via more intense product quality movement, value management, and market globalization. Mong Kyu Chung was also responsible for introducing the team system into the organization, along with more importance to compensation which was performance based. The 1997 East Asian crisis dealt a heavy blow to all the Korean conglomerates. In 1997 and 1998 half of the top 30 of them, including Daewoo, went into bankrupt. This crisis was faced by the Hyundai Group too. This moved the Hyundai group into restructuring its businesses. Almost 70 of the Hyundai affiliates were spun off between 1999 and 2000. The Hyundai group got a lot of public criticism because its restructuring plan was mainly focusing on dividing the property among the family members and followed no management related rationale. HMC was also the main money source of the Hyundai group and was given to MongKoo Chung who was the chairman from 1999 and was also the first living son of JuYoung Chung. This opinion was that he was the image of his father and had led HMC to a more hierarchical decision-making structure and h e also revived the bulldozer type of leadership. However, his strategic direction and organizational structure were not entirely different from the previous ones. While pursuing the global top-five position in 2010, he continued to emphasize on the improvement of product quality, management transparency, and brand value. One emerging challenge to the new leadership was how to cope with the warlike labor-management disputes. The current organization chart is shown below External and internal environment Hyundai is very dedicated towards providing great quality of service, support system and product. This is their policy be it their employees, dealers or customers. Starting from the top all members of the organization is driven by quality and also they strive for the continuous improvement process all across the board. This is mainly true in the area of cost, technological advancement, and efficient operations. Their management is very strongly into conducting business practices which are ethical and lead to creating long term partnerships be it with suppliers, customers or employees. They are the people who are the support system for achieving as well maintaining their competitive advantage, cost savingpurpose and also maintain the technological edge. All this is done while they remain sensitive and receptiveto the diverse communities they operate in. The price review of the stocks and also the brand new and old customers leads them to believe that they are doing a great job with th eir current business strategies. Their stability, efficiency, and profitabilitygoes a long way inestablishing and holding true their credibility to their shareholders and stakeholders. If they can continue to be so responsive to their customer ´s needs, innovative in their processes, services, and products they should have no foreseeable problems. Clearly, Hyundai has become a leader and innovator of quality affordable automobiles for a number of years. They have achieved this because they were nimble and flexible enough to respond to changes in their marketplace and because they have kept their eye on quality, cost, and customer service. Since Hyundai is a worldwide organization they have also had to make the most of their diverse work force, as well as, overcome many regulatory, socio-cultural, and environmental variables of doing business in a multicultural and multi-ethical environment. The first Step would be to outline the Porters five forces (William, 2003, pp.126)which are mentioned in the diagram below Competitive Rivalry within an industry Bargaining power of Customers Threat of new Entrants Threat of substitute Products Bargaining power of Suppliers There is a new entrant threat which exists from countries like China as well as Japan. They might work in such a manner that they grab majority share in the market. The buyers can bargain for much more. Price dissatisfaction is one of the main reasons why the shift would happen on the part of the buyers. Substitution threat is not too high as not many substitutes exist in the market. The only threat would be from modes of transport which are for public use. The level of competition is very high as many believe in growth through gaining on the competitions market share. The power of the supplier to bargain is low even though everything is not manufactured some of the parts are sourced too. The manufactures have the freedom to move to other suppliers also. The environment should be constantly studied. The environment may be internal or could be external as well. The analysis of the situation also needs to be carried out so that everything is in accordance with the policy, strategy and the goals set by the management for the organization. The same way the analysis of Hyundai is conducted which will help to understand the opportunity, strengths, threats and weaknesses which are internal and external. Technically what we are talking about is SWOT of Hyundai. The competency which the company possesses which forms the core of its operation is assessed with the help of this and the decision related to results and performance can be taken. All analysis techniques would be aimed at only one thing which is improvement of the quality of the service as well the product offered by the organization. The basic steps for the process would similar always only the application sequence would be organization sensitive. The procedure would help the organi zation come up with improvement related opportunities. The process which is followed in the present time has to be documented so that future reference is available (Goetsch, 2003, pp.422). The process related to improvement needs a vision and this helps. The improvement effort in this way is more channelized; the goals are clear and easily achieved. The leaders which would be the owners or the management need to support the process. The top to down approach should be followed. The main agenda should be that all people involved be it top management or the lowest ranks should have clarity relate to aims and objectives as it will affect all. The level of confidence as well as communication ability is critical for this process to be successful. The final outcome would also be high quality. The SWOT analysis for Hyundai Motor Company is as follows Strengths: Pricing Quality Warranties Availability/distribution channels Weaknesses: Questionable branding Depreciation/trade in value Lack of consumer information: especially on their web site Opportunities: Green alternatives and hybrid cars Technological innovations/research/development of same Better integration of web site for customer product information and company profile information Threats: Political Trade Socio-economical Other regulatory constraints: especially those linked with environmental issuesand manufacturing. Change Management Change stands at the heart of any leadership. Organizational culture is one of many situational variables that have emerged as being pivotal while understanding the success of any leaders efforts with regard to implementing any change initiatives. In this sternly shark eat shark business world, the main aim of most of the firms is to establish distinctive and unique capabilities towards gaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace while utilizing the most of their core competencies. So it is important to understand what competencies are. Competencies refer to the fundamental knowledge owned by the firm i.e., knowledge, know-how, experience, innovation and unique information, and to be specific they are not confined to functional domains only but cut across the firm and its organizational boundaries (Lowson, 2002). In todays world, being it is only the degree of dissimilarity from the beaten path that provides one with the cutting edge. If the aim is to deliver a unique mix of t he values, a gamut of activities need to adopted keeping in mind the present market situation. Thus, one gets the capability which enables him to execute specific activities, at the same instance being able to work meaningfully between the activities and therefore extending the cutting edge).The all-important exercise now, would remain the development of a unique path ahead, utilizing all resources at ones service, yet mindful of the environmental realities. It would be through the above mentioned unique capabilities that the outfit would better its chances of maintaining the competitive advantage. The concept of competition everywhere, including the domestic as well as international scenario has crossed into another realm of its own. The emphasis on performance and the quality of product has surpassed the impediments that once existed to control the price of the product. Hence, vigorous product management during the development process itself forms the backbone of the competitive e dge accrued. Organizational culture governs the degree of success that can be brought about by any attempt to effect organizational behaviour.The very Conceptual model of change as well as the inherent process models adopted for organizational change have undergone a change thereby highlighting the importance of culture in enabling entrepreneurs/ leaders in their attempts to transform the norms, attitudes, and general disposition of the employees emulating them in their outfits. Gagliardis model of 1986 (Tim, 2003, pp.53)for cultural change explains the varying effects of change which are incremental, apparent and path breaking when compared with the prevailing norms of culture. Attempts to effect change, when exercised, keeping in mind the abovementioned strategic outlook effectively extend, reinforce or even at times, weaken existing presumptions and standards caught up by the steps to initiate the change. The bulwark of methodologies and market tactics are always the cultural aspects. It is these aspects that decide if leaders are to anticipate cultural adaptation, struggle or maybe even alterations as a consequence of their authority. Gagliardis Model also brings to ones notice the overbearing importance for any leader to bear in mind, the intense cultural effects stemming out of the techniques utilized by them to bring about change initiatives thereby effecting the organizational surroundings. Hyundai Motor Company enjoys the status of the largest auto-manufacturing set up in South Korea as well as the distinction of being considered the fifth largest industry on the globe. It boasts of a capacity to manufacture 1.6 million units per annum. The strength of the Hyundai fraternity lies in their ability to lay stress at every level of its production management system, thereby catapulting them to their present day status as also enabling the coveted competitive edge that forms any mediocre companys yearning (Worldwide Hyundai, 2008). The production house has grown to spread its branches the world over, particularly Europe, Asia the US. Wecan thus safely assume that the key ingredients which enable a worldwide leader the cutting edge are as follows:- Explain, all that the company achieved which would lead to the attrition, gradual dissipation and at a later stage even complete failure of the competitive advantage that it enjoyed? Explain, all that the company needs to undertake in order to enable it to sustain role in providing it the competitive advantage? In any company, it is the management which is solely accountable for ensuring that the former stays ahead of its competitors in the arena. Had it not been the competent and effective, the company would probably have lost its competitive edge advantage (the companys standing in the market environment relative to other (competitor) companies. In keeping with all other leading industries, Hyundai too enjoys a huge competitive advantage when compared to its rival auto-manufacturing companies the world over. Also, Hyundai even risks suffering the erosion or eventual loss of its competitive advantage and position if the management will not be able to adapt to the changing market and customer need, specifically in car industries. The society also needs to be looked at and their needs to be met. This would pave the road for the organization to become a market leader. The pricing factor also needs to be constantly kept in mind as the consumers are very price sensitive. This would work to their advantage as the cars would become more affordable as well as quality cars. The models related to the industrial growth in order to be consistent as well as have the advantage over the competition need to be flexible and innovative so that it can deal with the risks which the internal and the external environment would make the organization face. Hyundai as a company also needs to do that by making its set up strong internally as well as externally so that it has an edge over the competition and their growth is steady and consistent. This is also affected by the fact that Hyundai has a global presence and also needs to grow through establishment of its manufacturing facilities all over the world. The departments which nee d to look into the development of the company needs to follow tiered research and utilize innovative ways and plans so that the high as well lower management is motivated for success as well as to give Hyundai the competitive edge over the competition. The growth in the present economy and market demands products which are new and improved and the costs as well as the market price is low. The Hyundai management and mangers need to be open to change as well as need to be creative in the process so that it can be turned for the benefit of the company. Hyundai has identified the sources for gaining the edge over the competition by making their core competencies strong and cutting edge so that no one can touch them. The position which the company enjoys as being the market leader needs to be sustained and consistent so that the long term goals are achieved and profitability grows. This is so at all levels in the organization. The merger which happened between two companies Hyundai and K ia is a very clear example of this (Orcullo, 2007, pp.48). The growth in the Korean automobile industry was consistent in terms of sales up to 1996 but the next year saw a major slump in the economy which had a very negative impact on the company and its growth. They managed and tackled this slump by expanding their facilities for production. During this time Kia went bankrupt. Kia as well as Asia Motors was merged with Hyundai. This also resulted in major reshuffling happening within the top management and was in accordance with the plan made by the owners for its success. Majority of the auto companies were restructuring their units as well as letting go a lot of their employees to reduce costs and handle this down turn. Many companies which were multinationals were acquiring the manufacturers for auto parts while this was going on. This process related to the auto industry in Korea led to the market becoming very confrontational. This was the case as the parties involved were affected by all the decisions which were taken. They were the labour related unions, government and its agencies as well as the company management. The merger in question had a very synergizing effect on the performance of the business of the automobile manufacturers. The group on the whole managed to save costs as all operations were integrated which was important for success. As the auto parts which had to be used were being shared it led to synergy happening on the front of the suppliers too. The design and development as well as Research departments also showed an effect on the costs as the platforms on which each operation was being carried out was integrated as a result of the merger. The power train development and the sharing of parts helped both the companies in getting down their costs and for their profitability to go up. Alignm ent of all the business functions was required as smooth integration was very important for future smooth operations. The group which would be formed as a result of this merger would possess specializations which were coordinated and would work towards cost saving and profitability improvement. The style of management at Hyundai was aggressive and the employee involvement practice for working followed by Kia was creative. Both of these coming together resulted in an organization culture which is competitive as well as successful be it while the economic slow down had happened or even later after recovery. The upturn which happened 1999 to 2000 helped in the recovery process of the two automobile manufacturers. Kia as a result of the merger came back from the dead and its revival was drastic and dramatic. Some of Hyundais strengths helped in this recovery process for Kia. These strengths were the auto part sharing as well as the utilization of the facilities for production as well as the technology. Kia with the help from Hyundai increased their sales as well as the share in the market and started to make steady performance in terms of finance and started following Hyundais trends. All these positives from the Kia Hyundai merger released them from the clutches of the courts in 2000. Now it was time to look at the long term growth plans and policies. The labour unions in the automobile industry serve as a major threat for them. They can resist any efforts related to integration of business and specialization of techniques. It is not that the labour unions have been sitting quietly. They have been working towards greatly affecting the procedure and plans for the restructuring of the business as well as employee management. The unions of Hyundai and Kia have taken this configuration of the business very positively and have not posed any opposition on the resource sourcing, research and development which is needed to be carried out keeping the uncertain future in m ind. In this merger group the main concern is how to keep the union positive and cooperative so that they are less resistant to any change or decision which is critical for business. In 2001 the group made public their plans world towards becoming the 5th automobile group which is global. This was to be done by 210. The auto group which is Korean came into the industry late and thus it still has to work towards improving the image of the brand. In the domestic market both companies have only complimented each other and the only thing is that the growth is intense. In the mid of 1999 the market in Korea related to automobiles opened their gates to foreign makers too. This led to major competition increased and the boundaries were broken making the auto industry one. Now it was survival of the fittest. Hyundai a company in order to survive had to enhance their ability technologically with the help of their research and development department and also their process for manufacturing. T he products needed to better quality than the competition as well more reliable. There is a dire need to constantly to make the brand seem superior and this can be done only with products that appeal to majority customers an they are chosen over the competitions products. The two companies need to work towards improving the parts supplied and the finance related abilities which is at this point of time quite low as compared to other advanced countries of the world. The positioning strategy is the next agenda which should be in the mind of the companies Kia and Hyundai. There needs to some kind of plan of how all the products from both the companies would be placed in the market as well pricing procedure needs to be clear. The strategy which they have been following is to position duplicates of each others car models. The management which is at a senior level is insistent on retaining their business related composition as on date and not have it changes courtesy the merger. This cove rs all car models. The long term agenda is not the same. The plan would be that the sectors related to various aspects of business be divided and the both the automobile manufacturers would work towards positioning their products in various demand markets. This is the way of working followed by auto giants like General Motors. Rather than working towards coming up with a new framework for business with respect to sales as well as manufacturing the managements concern shifted to the fact that how would they get over the vested interest of the senior management in the current business policies and practices of their two organizations separately rather than working as one entity. Recommendations for Growth The economy needs to be more balanced as well needs to have a direction (Gaten, 2002, pp.1). This would be true in many areas like distribution of health care products, standards which are set with regard to environment and labour as well as trade. The Global Reporting Initiative of 1997 worked towards a system for accounting which would help to calculate the level of sustenance with the data which is social, economic and environmental. This would make the measurement system one for all aspects. The risks which are taken need to be more educated ones and the importance of the same has been understood. The vision, mission as well as the plan to achieve the companies objectives needs to be in sync with the objectives which have been set up in the long term agenda of the organization. The strategy needs to be absolutely clear and values needs to be clearly defined. The values of the organization should be aligned with that of the stakeholders. The alignment would happen by integration o f the process, procedures as well as policies and with that success is inevitable. The objectives which are long term would be better achieved if they match the vision and the purpose of the individuals involved. The decision making process needs to be consistent and would also work towards achievement of personal ambitions too along with the organizations. Talks should always be there between the management and the employees of Hyundai so that every concern and want is out in the open and the learning is collaborated and systems are there so that information sharing happens. The requirement for Hyundai was to give some power to the employees in terms of the decisions that are made. The change management would be successful as the management would give the direction as well as provide the vision and also to top that have the authority to implement the change. Management would have to provide the push factor for the change process and this would also have an effect on the goals which are short term in Hyundai which would be aspects like building of teams, sharing of visions and defining the responsibilities amongst the employees. The work of Hyundai would be to stick to the objectives of the management and the leadership and would move in the right direction for a very positive future. The strategies which would be set up to achieved the goals which are long term as well as short terms would be based on the factors which have been discussed above. As per Ashkenas if there was a want on the part of the management to get improvement in the performance of the people of the organization the best way would be to make and plan the procedures for attainment of their goals which were to be achieved in less than an year i.e. short term goals. So the goals of Hyundai falling in this category are- Each employees being responsible enough to be answerable for their own actions. This would be empowering for the individuals and would also push them to work as team. The labour which they hire would be the best in the industry by being the most learned in terms of technology and specialization in their field. Fight to produce products which are the best in the market as well as made following the best procedure but the cost of production being as low as possible. The feedback which is received form the short term objectives would help the organization to come up with the objectives which are long